GROUP 2 Flashcards
What is thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)?
Buerger’s disease is an occlusive disease affecting the upper and lower limbs, primarily in young male smokers, causing fibrosis and scarring.
What are the complications of bypass graft surgery for PAD?
Complications include graft occlusion, hematoma, platelet aggregation, embolism, stent migration, infection, bleeding, vessel dissection, and leg swelling
What medications are used in PAD management?
Medications include antiplatelet agents (aspirin, clopidogrel), statins, antihypertensives, and vitamins such as folic acid, B6, and B12.
What is the goal of PAD management?
The goal is to increase blood flow to the extremities, manage symptoms, and stop the progression of atherosclerosis. This can involve lifestyle changes, medications, or surgical interventions like bypass surgery.
What diagnostic tests are used for PAD?
Diagnostics include the ankle-brachial index (ABI), Doppler ultrasound, duplex scanning, exercise tolerance tests, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), computerized tomography angiography (CTA), and catheter angiography.
What are the four stages of PAD?
Stage I: Asymptomatic
Stage II: Claudication
Stage III: Claudication with rest pain
Stage IV: Necrosis and gangrene (Critical Limb Ischemia - CLI)
What is intermittent claudication and its significance in PAD?
Intermittent claudication is cramping and burning pain in the legs that occurs after a fixed amount of activity and is relieved by rest. It signifies PAD progression, and rest pain indicates advanced disease.
What is Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?
PAD involves partial or total arterial occlusion, leading to decreased oxygen and nutrients to the lower extremities. Common risk factors include atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
Describe the characteristics of diabetic ulcers.
Diabetic ulcers are usually found on the plantar surface of the foot, over the metatarsal head, or heel. They occur at pressure points and may not be painful due to neuropathy.
What are the characteristics of venous stasis ulcers?
Venous stasis ulcers are irregularly shaped, develop around the ankle and medial malleolus, are associated with minimal pain, have a warm foot, palpable distal pulses, and are often accompanied by edema and eczema.
What are the characteristics of arterial ulcers?
Arterial ulcers typically occur on the toes and lateral malleolus, have sharply demarcated edges, are painful, show no granulation tissue, and have minimal exudate. Nail beds may appear yellow, gray, or necrotic
What is Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) ?
PVD refers to diseases of the arteries and veins, most commonly affecting the lower extremities. It includes peripheral artery disease (PAD) with arterial insufficiency and peripheral venous disease (PVD) with venous insufficiency.
What are common diagnostic methods for hypertension?
Diagnostics include a history and physical examination, urinalysis, blood chemistry, cholesterol levels, and an ECG
