GROUP 2 Flashcards
refers to the process of redistributing land and implementing policies to support
sustainable rural development.
Agrarian Reform
The Agricultural Land Reform Code, officially designated as Republic Act No. _____, was an
advancement of land reform in the Philippines that was enacted in 1963 under President
_______ ________.
3844, Diosdado Macapagal
It abolished tenancy and established a leasehold system in which farmers
paid fixed rentals to landlords, rather than a percentage of harvest.
The Agricultural Land Reform Code, officially designated as Republic Act No. 3844, was an
advancement of land reform in the Philippines that was enacted in 1963 under President
Diosdado Macapagal.
Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, Filipinos lived in villages or _________ ruled by
______ or _______.
Barangay, chiefs or datus
maharlikas
(freemen)
aliping mamamahay
(serfs)
aliping saguiguilid
(slaves)
Filipinos lived in villages or barangays ruled by chiefs or datus. The datus comprised the nobility. Then came the maharlikas (freemen), followed by the aliping mamamahay (serfs) and aliping saguiguilid (slaves). However, despite the existence of different classes in the social structure, practically everyone had access to the fruits of the soil. Money was unknown, and rice served as the medium of exchange.
Pre-Spanish Period
HE ENACTED THE FOLLOWING
Republic Act No. 34- Established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulating share-tenancy contracts.
Republic Act No. 55 Provided for a more effective safeguard against arbitrary ejectment of tenants.
President Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948)
This system grants that Encomienderos must defend his encomienda from external attack, maintain peace and order within, and support the missionaries.
encomienda system
When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the concept of (Royal Land Grants)
encomienda
Because of this system The tribute soon became land rents to a few powerful landlords. And the natives who once cultivated the lands in freedom were transformed into mere share tenants.
encomienda system
He established in 1899 the First Philippine Republic and declared in the Malolos Constitution his intention to confiscate large estates, especially the so-called Friar lands.
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
The republic was short lived and never implemented
1ST phil republic
He intend to confiscate large estates, especially the so-called Friar lands.
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
what period is this?
Philippine Bill of 1902
Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496)
Public Land Act of 1903
Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113)
american period
what period is this?
1935 Constitution
Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045), Nov. 13, 1936
National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC), 1936
Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937
Commonwealth Period
This group controlled whole areas of Central Luzon; landlords who supported the Japanese lost their lands to peasants while those who supported the Huks earned fixed rentals in favor of the tenants.
Hukbalahap
ANTI JAPANESE GROUP
(Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon)
Establishment of the Philippine Independence in?
1946
THE AMERICAN RECOGNIZED THE PHIL INDEPENDENCE ON?
JULY 04, 1946
He enacted the following law:
Executive Order No. 355 issued on October 23, 1950 Replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration.
Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953)
Provided for a more effective safeguard against arbitrary ejectment of tenants. Republic act?
Republic Act No. 55
Established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulating share-tenancy contracts.
Republic act?
Republic Act No. 34
He enacted the following laws:
Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.
Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold systems. The law provided the security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations.
Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.
Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent.
Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
republic act that Abolished the LASEDECO
Republic Act No. 1160
It established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.rep act
Republic Act No. 1954
This republic act governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold systems. The law provided the security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations.
Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954)
He Continued the program of President Ramon Magsaysay. No new legislation passed.
President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 ushered in the Period of the New Society.
President Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 ushered in the Period of the New Society. Five days after the proclamation of Martial Law, the entire country was proclaimed a land reform area and simultaneously the Agrarian Reform Program was decreed. President Marcos enacted the following laws:
Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA No. 6390 of 1971-Created the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund. It strengthened the position of farmers and expanded the scope of agrarian reform.
Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26, 1972-Declared the country under land reform program. It enjoined all agencies and offices of the government to extend full cooperation and assistance to the DAR. It also activated the Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council. Presidential Decree No. 27, October 21, 1972- Restricted land reform scope to tenanted rice and corn lands and set the retention limit at 7 hectares.
President Ferdinand E. Marcos
This president signed into law Republic Act No. 6657 or otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). The law became effective on June 15, 1988.
President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)
He formally took over in 1992, his administration came face to face with publics who have lost confidence in the agrarian reform program. His administration committed to the vision “Fairer, faster and more meaningful implementation of the Agrarian Reform Program.
President Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
Strengthened the implementation of the CARP.
Republic Act No. 7905
During his administration, he launched the Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or MAGKASAKA.
President Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2000)
Under her administration is anchored the vision “To make the countryside economically viable for the Filipino family by building partnership and promoting social equity and new economic opportunities towards lasting peace and sustainable rural development.”
Land Tenure Improvement
Provision of Support Services
Infrastructure Projects KALAHI ARZone
Agrarian Justice
President Gloria Macapacal-Arroyo (2000-2010)
CARP
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
He issued Executive Order No. 26 to launch the National Greening Program in collaboration with various government agencies
President Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016)
He aimed to place most public lands, including military reserves, under agrarian reform and included 400 hectares of agricultural land in Boracay.
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016-2022)
The DAR established an anti-corruption task force to address allegations of misconduct and launched _______ _______ _______ to expedite the resolution of agrarian cases and enhance.
OPLAN ZERO BACKLOG
Is extended several times and continues under the current administration. However, a significant number of lands remain undistributed, particularly private agricultural lands
The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)
It is a state or situation in which a person or a group of people don’t have enough money or the basic things they need to live.
Poverty
refers to the minimum level of income or resources that a person or household needs to meet basic needs such as food, shelter, healthcare, and education.
Official Poverty Line
refers to the idea that poverty is not just about a lack of income, but also about the many other factors that can prevent people from living a decent life.
Multidimensional Poverty
refers to individuals’ or communities’ perception of their own economic well-being. Even if someone’s income is above the official poverty line, they may still feel poor if they perceive their living standards to be low compared to their peers or societal norms.
Subjective Poverty
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), as of 2021, about ______ of the population lived below the poverty line, which is a notable decrease from previous years.
18.1%
Regional Disparities:
Eastern Visayas (which includes Samar and Leyte)
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), now Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).
Caraga and parts of Bicol.
poor places
Linked to agricultural instability, limited market access, and poor infrastructure.
Rural Poverty
it is marked by overcrowded living conditions and the growth of informal settlements.
Urban Poverty
High unemployment rates and a significant portion of the labor force being underemployed (working fewer hours than desired or in low-paying jobs) are key drivers of poverty.
Unemployment and Underemployment
the gap between the rich and the poor is wide, with a small percentage of the population holding most of the wealth, while a large part of the workforce remains in low-paying, insecure jobs.
Low Wages and Income Inequality
In both rural and urban areas, there is a shortage of decent jobs, especially in regions where economic activities are limited to subsistence farming or low-value-added industries.
Lack of Job Opportunities
Global economic shocks, natural disasters, and domestic economic policies can destabilize growth and disproportionately affect the poor.
Economic Instability
it diverts public funds meant for social welfare programs, infrastructure projects, and services for the poor.
Corruption and Graft
it fails to implement policies, results in the mismanagement of resources and failure to address the root causes of poverty.
Ineffective Governance
It can fail when not properly implemented. Programs designed to reduce poverty, such as conditional cash transfers or infrastructure projects, often fall short due to inefficiencies
Poor Policy Implementation
Environmental Factors?
The Philippines is highly vulnerable to natural disasters such as typhoons, earthquakes, and floods.
Natural Disasters
Environmental Factors?
Rising sea levels, droughts, and more intense storms due to climate change disproportionately affect poor communities that are less equipped to adapt
Climate Change
Environmental Factors?
Over-exploitation of natural resources, such as forests, fisheries, and agricultural lands, limits the ability of rural communities to sustain their livelihoods.
Resource Depletion
crime rates in general decreased, homicides and violent crimes remain concerns.
Increased Crime Rates
Poverty leads to social instability, causing family breakdowns due to stress, unemployment, or violence.
Family Disintegration
Economic disparities contribute to protests and public unrest, often sparked by issues like jeepney modernization.
Social Unrest
Over 3.6 million Filipinos suffer from mental health disorders, exacerbated by poverty and limited access to care.
Mental Health Issues
Poor health, low education levels, and insecurity reduce workforce productivity.
Reduced Productivity
Persistent poverty undermines national economic growth.
Lower Economic Growth
: Generational poverty persists, trapping families in poverty for multiple generations.
Increased Poverty Cycle
Poverty contributes to instability, as marginalized communities are less likely to trust government institutions.
Political Instability
Low voter participation is often linked to feelings of disenfranchisement and political distrust.
Voter Apathy
Economic hardship can fuel the rise of extremist groups promising change.
Rise of Extremist Ideologies
