Ground Flashcards
Cloudbase formula
AC 00-6B
AC 00-6B
Celcius: Temperature-Dewpoint / 2.5 x 1000
Fahrenheit: Temperature-Dewpoint / 4.4 x 1000
Stable Air
AC 00-6B
AC 00-6B
Stratiform clouds
Continuous rain
Poor visibility
Little to no turbulence
Unstable Air
AC 00-6B
AC 00-6B
Cumulonimbus
Heavy, showery precipitation
Good visibility
Moderate to high turbulence
SIGMET
AC 00-45G
AC 00-45G
Severe non-convective weather, produced as needed, valid 4 hours.
Dust, Ash, Ice and TB w/o TS
AIRMETS
AC 00-45G
AC 00-45G
AIRman’s METeorological information
Valid 6 hours
3000k square miles effected
3 types:
Sierra: Ceilings less than 1000’ and/or and extensive mountain obscuration
Tango: Moderate turbulence / Winds 30kts or more at the surface
Zulu: Icing / freezing levels
Convective SIGMET
AC 00-45G
AC 00-45G
As needed- valid 2 hours
Embedded TS
A squall line: 60 m long w/TS at least 40% of length
Tornadoes
TS 40% of a 3000 square mile area
Surface hail and hail greater than 3/4”
Surface winds greater than 50 kts
TASCaM Valid…
AC 00-45G
AC 00-45G
TAF: 24 hours-4xdaily, 0000, 0600…
AIRMET: 6 hours
SIGMET: 4 hours
Convective SIGMET: 2 hours
and
METAR: 1 hours
FAR title 14, part 91.205 - Required equipment VFR
DAY
Air speed indicator
Tachometer
Oil pressure gauge
Manifold pressure gauge
Altimeter
Temperature gauge
Oil temp
Fuel gauge
Landing gear indicator
Anti collision lights
Magnetic compass
ELT
Safety belts
NIGHT
Fuses: one spare set or three of each required.
Landing light
Anti-collision lights
Position lights
Source of electrical power
FAR Title 14, part 91.409+ AV1ATES (required Inspections )
Title 14, part 91
INSPECTIONS
Annual - A&P w/inspection Authorization
VOR: 30 days
100: hour-if used for hire
Altimeter: 24 months
Transponder: 24 months
ELT: 12 months
Static system: 24 months
(4) 60hr “progressive” inspections can replace Annual. A&P with Inspection Auth. (91-409)
Transponder codes
1200: VFR
7500: Hijack
7600: Coms failure
7700: Emergency
ISA formula
International Standard Atmosphere
15-(2xFE/1000)
Pressure Altitude
Pressure altitude is the height above a standard datum plane (SDP) 29.92 Hg
Indicated by altimeter when kolsman window is set to 29.92
PA = (29.92 - altimeter setting) x 1000 + field elevation
Density Altitude
Density Altitude is PA corrected for non-standard temperature
bvb
DA = (OAT-ISA) x 120 + PA
outside air temperature
ISA = 15 - (2xFE/1000)
PA = (29.92- Alt. setting) x 1000 + FE
Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen in blood
Altitude - Hypoxic
Blood - Hypoxemic - CO, smoking, low red blood cells
Circulation - Stagnant - G’s, cold temp & shock
Drugs - Histotoxic - Alcohol can be 2000’ per drink
Symptoms: Euphoria, headache, dizziness, slow reaction time, Numbness and tingling in fingers and toes, impaired judgement, visual impairment, drowsiness, cyanosis
Occurs: Day: 10,000’ MSL
Night: as low as 5,000’ MSL
Varies by health, smoking, alcohol, etc.
Descend and/or use 02
Center of gravity formula
Total moment/Total weight
Moment formula
Arm x weight
CG change formula
+/- weight moved/total weight = delta CG/distanced moved
Lost procedures
Keep Calm!
Climb
Circle
Conserve
Communicate
Confess
Comply
How long, how fast, in what direction
Find NAVAID’s?
Triangulate 2 VOR’s?
Obstacle clearance minimums
Manmade - round up to 100’ then +100’
Natural - round up to 100’ then +100 then +200
Hazardous attitudes and counters
“I’M AIR”
Invulnerability, Macho, Anti-authority, Impulsivity, Resignation
( it can happen to me, I don’t got this, Follow the rules, they are usually right, I need to slow down and think, I can do this )
3 P model
- PERCEIVE - P.A.V.E.
p. Pilot - IMSAFE - currency/competency, experience
a. Aircraft - AVIATES - performance/ limitations, equipment and suitability
v. enViroment - NWKRAFT - NOTAM’s, Wx, known ATC delays, Runway lengths, Alternates, Fuel req’s, T.O. and landing distances
e. External pressures - influencers
- PROCESS - C.A.R.E.
Consequences
Alternatives
Reality
External factors
- PERFORM - T.E.A.M.
Transfer
Eliminate
Accept
Mitigate
C.A.R.E
Consequences, Alternatives, Reality, External factors
T.E.A.M.
Risk Management
Transfer, Eliminate, Accept, Mitigate
D.E.C.I.D.E.
Detect - look for problems
Estimate - what is the impact of the problems
Chose - course of action to counter/correct problems
Identify - solutions to reach objective
Do - Act
Evaluate - effects of action
I.M.S.A.F.E.
Illness
Medication
Stress
Alcohol
Food
Emotional state
Heading adjustment formula?
C.h D M.h V T.h w/v T.c
True course
True heading
Magnetic heading
Calculated heading
91.103 Preflight action (need to know to fly…)
91.103 Preflight action
NWWKRAFT
N. NOTAMS
W. Weight and balance
W. Weather along route
K. Known ATC delays, closures
R. Runway lengths
A. Alternates
F. Fuel requirements
T. Take off and landing distances
1 800 WX BRIEF
Aircraft Registration is valid?
3 years
Weather minimum - Class B VFR
91.155
3 miles visibility and Clear of clouds
Weather minimums - Class G (all 3 conditions)
91.155
1200’ AGL and below…
Day: 1m and CoC
Night: 1/2m from airport & in pattern: 1m-<3m and CoC… Otherwise 3m-152 below 10k msl
DAY: Above 1200 AGL and below 10k msl 1m-152
Weather minimums: Class C, D, E
91.155
From surface to 10k MSL: 3m-152
Above 10k 5m 1,1,1m
Weather minimums: Class E,G (10k-17,999’)
91.155
5m-1k’ above-1k’ below-1m horizontally from clouds
14, 91.225
When is ADS-B out required?
14, 91.225
Class A, B, and C airspace.
Above the ceiling and within the lateral boundaries of a Class B or Class C airspace area upward to 10,000 feet MSL.
Class E airspace within the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia at and above 10,000 feet MSL, excluding the airspace at and below 2,500 feet above the surface.
Class E airspace at and above 3,000 feet MSL over the Gulf of Mexico from the coastline of the United States out to 12 nautical miles.
Within 30 nautical miles of those airports identified in 14 CFR part 91, Appendix D. Otherwise known as the Mode C veil.
Transponder mode-C requirements
In general, the CFRs require aircraft to be equipped with an operable Mode C transponder and ADS-B Out when operating:
In Class A, Class B, or Class C airspace areas;
Above the ceiling and within the lateral boundaries of Class B or Class C airspace up to 10,000 feet MSL;
Class E airspace at and above 10,000 feet MSL within the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia, excluding the
airspace at and below 2,500 feet AGL;
Within 30 miles of a Class B airspace primary airport, below 10,000 feet MSL (commonly referred to as the “Mode C Veil”);
91.171 VOR inspections (6 methods)
91.171
Every 30 days
VOTest signal (+/- 4 degrees) 180 to, 360 from
Airport designated VOR checkpoint (+/- 4 degrees)
Airborne FAA designated checkpoint (+/- 6 degrees)
VOR radial along a Victor airway OR
Ground reference more than 20nm from VOR (+/- 6 degrees)
Dual system VOR onboard (+/- 4 degrees)
Delta and Charlie radio requirements for entry
Two way coms w/tail number
Alpha and Bravo radio entry requirements
ATC clearance required for entry
Class A minimum or required
18’000 MSL up to and including FL600
Not charted
ATC-clearance
IFR pilot - always IFR
2 radio communication
Mode C transponder
ADS-B Out
Airspace classes : Class B
Entry - ATC clearance
Pilot: PPL or endorsed student
2-way radio
mode-C transponder
VOR - for IFR
ATC SVC - All A/C separation
- Generally surface ~ 10,000MSL
- Resembles an upside down wedding cake
- The Busiest airports
250 kts max, indicated airspeed within airspace. 200kts max indicated airspeed underlying airspace or within VFR corridors.
- Student pilots or recreational pilots — The logbook needs to be endorsed by an instructor within the past 90 days. The endorsement must show that the student or recreational pilot has received flight and ground training on how to safely operate in that particular Class B airspace area. (AIM 3-2-3)
- Some airports don’t allow student/recreational/sport pilot to come in Class B airspace
- Mode C Veil
o Airspace within 30 nm of a primary Class B airport
o From surface to 10,000’ MSL
o Pressure altitude reporting mode C transponder must be equipped to enter this space
-Mode C Veil
o Airspace within 30 nm of a primary Class B airport
o From surface to 10,000’ MSL
o Pressure altitude reporting mode C transponder must be equipped to enter this space
VFR routes within Class B
VFR Flyway
VFR Corridor
VFR Transition Route
Airspace classes : Class C
Entry - 2 way coms including tail number
Pilot - Student
2-way radio
ADS-B Out inside of and above to 10,000 MSL
mode-C transponder
200kts max
ATC AVC - IFR/IFR & VFR separation, VFR traffic advisories (permitting)
Usually extends up to 4,000 AGL with the lower section extending out to 5nm and the upper section out to 10 nm- 1,200 AGL-4,000 AGL
- Resembles a two tier upside down wedding cake
- Procedural outer area 20 nm outer ring. Not regulatory or charted.
- 200 kts max indicated airspeed at or below 2,500 AGL and within 4nm of primary airport
Entrance: ATC read back tail number
+ Requires mode C transponder within and up to 10,000 ft msl within the lateral airspace boundaries. Not required underneath airspace.
Airspace classes : Class D
Entry - 2-way coms w/tail number
Pilot - Student
2-way radio
200kts
ATV SVC IFR/IFR separation, VFR traffic advisories
Usually extends up to 2,500 AGL within a 4~5nm radius of the airport center
Fulltime or part-time (E or G)
+ Contact ATC as soon as practical after takeoff from a satellite airport within the airspace
Fogs
AC 00-6B
AC 00-6B
Fog is a stratus cloud that has formed near the ground (up to 100’ AGL)
Radiation fog: Clear, calm nights. Can form rapidly and be thick and extensive.
Advection fog: Needs winds up to 15kts. Warm moist blows over cooler surface, common in coastal areas.
Upslope fog: Moist stable air up a slope.
Steam fog: Cold dry air over warmer water. Can expect icing and turbulence
Ice fog: Extremely cold temps (below 10c). Calm clear nights, slip hazard.
Structural Icing
AC 00-6B
AC 00-6B
REQUIRES VISIBLE MOISTURE, FREEZING TEMPERATURES
CLEAR: Formed by the relatively slow freezing of large, supercooled water droplets. Forms HORNS, the most dangerous
RIME: Rough, milky and opaque. Formed by instantaneous freezing of small, supercooled water droplets after strike. Forms COLUMB Rough surface affects aerodynamic integrity
MIXED: A little of both, forms BOTH. Most common
FROST: Frozen dew, serious take off hazard
Spoils lift, increases weight, control issues,
INDUCTION ICING
AC 00-6B
AC 00-6B
CARBARETOR ICING
Carburetor can cool air by 33C, can form in temps as high as 33C if the relative humidity is 50% or more
INTAKE ICE
Can form on the air intake
Types of precipitation (?)
AC 00-6B
AC 00-6B
RAIN
SLEET
ICE PELLETS: Temperature inversion with freezing rain/snow at higher altitudes
HAIL: Vertical currents that throw water droplets up into freezing
temperatures until too heavy to remain aloft
VIRGA: Rain evaporates before reaching ground, associated with dry microbursts
SLD: Freezing rain. Lack of nuclei in the cloud
SNOW: Water vapor condenses below freezing
V-Speeds
Vso-35-bottom of white-stall speed landing config
Vs-40-bottom of green arc- stall speed in specified config
Vr-50
Vx-54
Vg-60-best glide flaps down, 65kts flaps up =what is the glide rate?
Vy-67
Vcc-70
Vfe-85-top of white
Va-(93-104)
Vno-111-top of green-structural cruising speed
Vne-149-red line-never exceed
1 800 WX BRIEF
Adverse conditions
VFR not recommended
Weather synopsis
Current conditions
En-route forecast
Destination forecast
Winds aloft
NOTAMS
ATC delays
SCUBA
FL8000’ or less: 12hrs without decompression stop
FL8001’+: 24hrs with or w/out decompression stop
LIGHT GUN SIGNALS
STEADY GREEN - cleared for take off or landing
FLASHING GREEN - cleared for taxi or return for landing
STEADY RED - STOP on ground / Give way and continue circling
FLASHING RED - Taxi clear of runway in use / Airport unsafe, do not land
FLASHING WHITE - Return to starting point on airport
ALTERNATING RED/GREEN - Procced with extreme caution
ROTATING BEACONS
WHITE/GREEN - Civilian airport
WHITE/WHITE/GREEN - Military
WHITE/YELLOW - Seaport
WHITE/YELLOW/GREEN - Heliport
OXYGEN SUPPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
91.211
91.211
CABIN PRESSURE ALTITUDES
12.501 - 14,000’ MSL - crew O2 after 30 minutes
14,001’+ MSL - crew must use O2
15,001’+ MSL - each occupant must be provided
TELL ME ABOUT THIS C152G
Engine: Lycomming 0-235, 108 bhp, N/A, H/O, Air cooled, Carburetor fed, 4 cylinder
Slotted flaps, delay airflow separation.
Frisse type / differential ailerons, counter adverse yaw
Tricycle landing gear
nose gear assy? Shimmy damper
Max T/O weight: 1670lbs, max ramp: 1675
fuel capacity: 26 gallons 100LL, 24.5 usable
SPEED LIMITS
91.117
Below 10,000’ MSL 250kts
At or below 2,500 AGL within 4nm class C or D airport 200kts
Under class B or through class B corridor 200kts
91.213
INOPERATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
CAN YOU FLY WITH OUT IT?
91.213 Inoperable. Instruments & equipement
W/O MEL…. does it meet
91.205….. is it on FAA required equipment?
KoOEL(kinds of operating equipment list for the type of flight)? in POH/AFM
VFR day type certificate….
A/D.. updates to requirements to type?
Removed/deactivated and placarded
Madras S33
16-34 - 5091’
FE: 2500’
CTAF: 122.8
AWOS: 132.42
Prineville S39
11-29 5405’
15-33 4053’
FE: 3300’
CTAF: 122.7
AWOS: 118.32
Redmond KRDM
11-29 7006’
5-23 7038’
FE: 3100’
TWR: 124.5
GRD: 121.8
ATIS: 119.02
Hyperventilation
The excessive rate and depth of respiration leading to abnormal loss of carbon dioxide from the blood. Fear from symptoms can lead to faster breathing rate, further aggravating the problem.
Raises the blood’s pH value which initiates constriction of the blood vessels supplying the central nervous system, reducing oxygen transportation.
Symptoms that differ from Hypoxia:
Hot and cold sensations, muscle spasms
VOR limitations
Line of sight
Reverse sensing
Cone of confusion - above
Zone of ambiguity - abeam
Aeronautical Decision Making
A systematic approach to determine the best course of action to achieve safe flight
P.A.V.E.
Pilot - IMSAFE
Aircraft -
enVironment
External pressures
S.R.M. 5P
Single pilot crew resource management
Plan Plane Pilot Passengers Programming
Disorientation
Incorrect mental image of position, attitude, and movement relative to actual aircraft movement (caused by lack of situational awareness)
Spatial disorientation
The condition in which there is conflict between the central vision and the other senses (caused by physical reactions in the body)
Sensory inputs
Somatosensory system - skin/joints/muscles
Visual system - eyes
Vestibular system - inner ear - 3 semicircular canals and otolith organs
Vestibular system illusions
S.L.I.C.E.S.
Spirals and Spins: Turns become normal, bank causes descent
Leans: Entering a turn slowly may not be detected, abrupt correction may make level feel like opposite bank
Inversions: Sudden level off may cause tumbling sensation
Coriolis: Normalized turn followed by abrupt head movement causes extreme disorientation
Elevator: Updraft produces a feeling of needing to pitch down
Somotographic: Rapid acceleration/deceleration feels like pitching up/down
Motion sickness
Conflicting signals about the state of the body from the vestibular. somatosensory and visual systems. Exacerbated by anxiety and stress.
Symptoms: General Discomfort, paleness, nausea, sweating, dizziness, vomiting
Remedies: Open vents, focus outside, avoid head movements, only passengers can take medications.
A
A
True altitude
Height above MSL
Absolute altitude
Height above terrain
Indicated altitude
Pressure indicated by altimeter
Flight categories
Vfr +3000 ceiling, 5sm
Marginal VFR 1000-3000’ and/or 3-5m
Special VFR is clearance if less than above (must be IFR rated and certified if night)
IFR 500-<1000’ and/or 1-<3sm
Low IFR <500’ and/or <1sm
BasicMed requirements
AC-68-1
AC-68-1
US drivers license
Hold or have held med. cert. after 7/15/2006
Answer questions on the CMEChecklist
Get your physical and have physician complete the CMEC
Take medical education course, consent to the National Driver Register
within 48 months, physical with physician who can treat flight affecting conditions
within 24 months; medical training course
BasicMed privilages
AC-68-1
AC-68-1
5 passengers
6,000lbs max takeoff weight
Fly a max 6 person aircraft
Domestic, 250kts & 18,000’msl or less
Pro rata
Which scan is good for when the autopilot is engaged?
Rectangular scan
What san should you use if you suspect and instrument failure?
Inverted V scan
Which is a suitable scan during straight and level flight?
Radial scan
When should you roll out in a compass turn?
15 + 1/2 latitude
What is a VOR
VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range
A type of short range radio navigation system.
Uses frequencies from 108.0-117.95 MHz
Required record for each VOR check
S.P.E.D.
Sign - pilot’s signature
Place - Record of where the VOR check was performed
Error - Record the bearing error in degrees
Date - The date of the VOR check
RAIM
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
Requires: 5 SAT’s OR 4 SAT’s and a barometric altimeter baro-aiding
RAIM + FDE
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
+ Fault Detection and Exclusion
Requires: 6 SAT’s OR 5 w/barometric altimeter
WAAS
Wide Area Augmentation System
This system broadcasts differential GPS signals for use by the aviation industry to improve the reliability and integrity of the system.
GPS: 50’
WAAS: 10’
Only GPS system that doesn’t require back up NAV
Corrects GPS signals using precise ground based Wide Area Reference Stations. Sends corrections to satellites which then broadcast to WAAS receivers
91.175: Runway environment in sight
You have the runway enviroment in sight when you see one of these items
- The approach light system
- Threshold
- Threshold markings
- Threshold lights
- Runway
- Runway markings
- Runway lights
- Touchdown zone/zone markings
- Touchdown zone lights
- Visual glideslope indicator
- Runway end identifier lights
MOCA
Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude
obstacle clearance for entire route segment and assures Nav signal within 22nm of the VOR
OROCA
Off route obstruction clearing altitude
In mountainous terrain, guarantees 2000ft above highest obstacle with a horizontal distance of 4nm.
No mountains, 1000ft
91.205 required equipment IFR
GRABCARD
GRABCARD
Generator or alternator
Rate of turn indicator
Altimeter, sensitive (Kollsman window)
Ball (inclinometer)
Clock
Attitude indicator
Radios
Directional gyro or heading indicator
Special use airspace
MCPRAWN
Military ops
Controlled firing
Prohibited - can’t fly
Restricted - need clearance if active
Alert areas - pilot training
Warning
National security
TAF broundry
TAF 5sm
Vcnty 5-10sm
Distant +10sm
Forward CG
Increased drag and stability
Aft CG
Decreased drag and negative stability
MEA
Minimum Enroute Altitude
Obstacle clearance and signal reception along route
IFR standard rate of climb and conversion formula
200 feet per nautical mile.
GS/60xfeet per minute = feet per mile
SFVR minimums
Day: 1000’ and clear of clouds
Night: IFR rated and certified
Lost coms IFR
AVE-F MEA
Route:
Assigned
Vector
Expected
Filed
Altitude:
Minimum
Expected
Assigned
On lost coms use the highest altitude of the three
Inclinometer slips/skids
Slips: ball inside turn
Skids: ball outside turn
Standard approach ceiling and visablity minima -
Precision: 600’ 2sm
Non-precision: 800’ 2sm
Airport colors IFR
W/instrument procedure: blue, green (which one has additional military?)
w/out: brown
MCA
minimum crossing altitude
IFR reporting if in radar contact
S.A.M.H.A.P.
Safety of flight items (wx, equipment malfunctions, etc)
Avionics loss (comms or nav)
Missed (when going missed on approach)
Holding (entering or leaving holding altitude)
Altitude (leaving assigned under IFR or changing when VFR on top)
Performance (unable to climb/descend @ 500fpm or change in true airspeed +/- 10kts or 5%)
IFR reporting not in radar
Three C’s
Complul
Position reports: I.P.T.A.T.E.N.
Identification
Position
Time
Altitude
Type of flight plan
Eta
Name of the
Reporting points MARVELOUSCVFR
Missed approach
