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BIOM3002 > Gross Pathology > Flashcards

Gross Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atheroma composed of?

A

Degenerative material: macrophages + lipids which can calcify

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2
Q

“Atheromas may be covered by ____?”

A

a fibrous plaque which can cause thrombosis if ruptured

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3
Q

What is a way in which atheromas can form? What layer is does this originate?

A

Atherosclerosis, intimal layer of arteriole wall

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4
Q

What are the risk factor of an atheroma?

A

Smoking, Hypertension, Diabetes

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5
Q

What pathological disease is characterized by degenerative material clustered in the aorta?

A

Aortic Atheroma

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6
Q

How does a myocardial infarction occur?

A

Occluded coronary arteries

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7
Q

What pathological disease is characterized by dead myocardial scar tissue?

A

Myocardial infarct

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8
Q

Why are areas of a myocardial infarct white?

A

Replacement of myocardium with fibrotic scar tissue

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9
Q

Up to how long can the scarring in myocardial infarcts occur afterward?

A

6 weeks

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10
Q

What are the complications of Myocardial infarction? why?

A

Scar tissue is non-functional, and complications include heart failure, thrombos formation,arrythmias + weakening of ventricular wall causing aneurysms

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11
Q

What pathological disease is characterized by the ballooning of the aorta

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

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12
Q

Why do aortic aneurysms occur?

A

Weakness of the aorta wall, due to hypertension and atherosclerosis

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13
Q

What are some complications of Abdominal aortic aneurysms?

A

Luminal thrombus formation, rupturing of aneurysms (which can be fatal)

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14
Q

What pathological disease is characterized by hypertrophy of the left ventricular walls?

A

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

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15
Q

Why does left ventricular hypertrophy occur

A

Chronic hypertension, valvular dysfunction. Both of these increase the resistance into the left ventricle requireing more work to be done to force blood out into the aorta

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16
Q

What does left sided heart failure lead to?

A

Pulmonary oedema

17
Q

What are the pale areas in Lobar Pneumonia caused by?

A

inflammatory material + pus within the alveolar spaces in response to infection

18
Q

What are the symptoms of Lobar Pneumonia?

A

Fever, cough, shortness of breath, sharp pain on inspiration due to irritation of the parietal pleura

19
Q

What are some complications of Lobar Pneumonia?

A

Abscess formation, Empyema, Exudate organisation, sepsis, spreading of infection to other body parts

20
Q

What pathological disease is characterised by pale areas of consolidation in the lungs?

A

Lobar Pneumonia

21
Q

What pathological disease is characterised by the blocking of the pulmonary artery?

A

Pulmonary embolism

22
Q

How does thrombo-embolus occur?

A

Blood clot breaks off and travels downstream to lodge somewhere else in the body

23
Q

Pulmonary emboli usually results from a ______ in the lower limb where a _____ forms due to stasis or hypercoagulability of blood

A

Deep vein thrombosis, thrombus

24
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary embolism?

A

Coughing up blood, chest pain, shortness of breath

25
Q

What pathological disease is characterised by air sacs on the lung?

A

Bullous Emphysema

26
Q

What do the cells infected by emphysema not participate in gas exchange?

A

Bullae do not possess no remaining functional alveoli

27
Q

Why does emphysema cause breathing to be difficult?

A

Lung loses its elastic ability to recoil after inspiration due to the bullae filling with air.

28
Q

What factors increase the likelihood of emphysema?

A

Long term + heavy smoking due to the destrcution of alveolar septa and blood air barrier

29
Q

What can the rupturing of a bullae cause?

A

Pneumothorax- which causes lung collapse

BIOM3002 (5 decks)

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