Final Study 1 Flashcards
What is the difference between Cranial/Caudal, Posterior/Anterior, Dorsal/Ventral, Proximal/Distal, Lateral/Medial, Superior/Inferior
Dorsal and ventral. Dorsal refers to the back of an organism and ventral to the belly.
Cranial and caudal. Cranial refers to the head end and caudal to the tail end.
Anterior and posterior. In a quadruped the terms are synonymous with cranial and caudal. In a biped (Homo) anterior is used to indicate the ventral surface and posterior to indicate the dorsal surface. You must be careful to use these terms properly for each organism. (Compare pig and human).
Superior and inferior. These terms are the equivalents of cranial and caudal in Homo. Superior means toward the head and inferior toward the feet. These terms are not used for quadrupeds.
Proximal and distal. Proximal refers to the end of a structure nearest a major point of reference and distal to the end furthest from a point of reference. The point of reference is usually the origin of a structure (such as a limb) or the ventral midline of the body. Proximal and distal are relative terms. These terms are correctly used to describe relative positions of structures in the limbs.
Medial and lateral. Medial means nearer the midline of the body and lateral means further from the midline; these are relative terms. They may also refer to the midline and “sides” of a major organ. The “outer” surface of a limb is the lateral surface and the “inner” the medial.
What is Supine vs Prone?
Supine: face up
Prone: face down
What is Oral/Aboral, Abluminal/Adluminal?
abluminal is (anatomy) away from the lumen while adluminal is (anatomy) near or toward the lumen of a seminiferous tubule.
Oral= towards mouth Aboral= away from mouth
What is epithelial tissue?
Cover surface of body, body cavities + internal organs
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
Protection
Resorption
Secretion
Perception
What are the different types of epithelial membranes?
Skin/Cutis
Mucosa
Serosa
What is the function of Mucosa?
Lines body surface that are exposed to external environment
What is the purpose of serosa?
Mesothelium- covers body cavities
What is endothelium?
Covers lumen of all blood vessels + lymphatic vessels
What are the different types of epithelia?
Simple- one layer
Stratisfied- multiple layers
Squamous- flat Cuboidal- cube Columnar- Rectangular Transitional- can change shape Pseudostratisfied- like stratisfied however actually only one layer
What are the different types of connective tissue?
Connective Tissue Proper
- Loose (Areolar + fat tissue)
- Dense (Ligaments + tendons)
Fluid connective tissue
- Blood
- Lymph
Supporting connective tissues
- Cartilages (Hyaline, elastic, fibrous)
- Bone
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Connecting and support
Protection
Transportation
Storage
What are the cells of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
- adipocytes (fat cells)
- Fibrocytes (Tendons + ligaments)
Fluid connective tissue Blood cells (macrophages, lymphcytes, granulocytes)
Supporting connective tissues
- Chondrocytes (cartilage)
Osteocytes (bone)
What are cancers that arise from connective tissue called?
Liposarcoma (fat) Fibrosarcoma (Fibre) Histiocytic sarcoma (macrophage) Lymophma (Lymphocytes) Myeloid Sarcoma (Granulocytes) Chondrosarcoma (Cartilage) Osteosarcoma (Bone)
What are the components of the extracellular matrix?
Fibers of connective tissue
- collagen fibres
- elastic fibers
- reticular fibers
Ground substance
- macromolecules
- water
Abundant fibers + less ground substance= dense connective tissue
Abundant ground substance + less fibers= loose connective tissue
What is the ECM composed of?
Collagen/elastic fibers, macromolecules, water and minerals
What are the types of ECM?
Cartilage- chondrocytes, large amount of water (rubbery)
Bone- Large distance between osteocytes
Tendon- fibrocytes, gaps contain fibrocytes
Blood- Erythrocytes + lymphocyte, gaps contain fluid
What are the three types of Muscle cells and their functions?
Cardiac- pumps blood through body
Skeletal- regulates temp
- facilitates body movement
Smooth- Move food, urine, reprod tract secretions
- regulate calibre of airways and blood vessels
Where is nerve tissue derived from and what is it composed of?
Ectoderm
Nerve cells- recieve and transmit info
Glial cells- insulate and protect nerve cells
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Protection Containment Thermoregulation Sensory organ Photochemical synthesis Exrection Absorption
What are the three layers of skin?
Epidermis (Epithelial tissue layer)
Dermis (Connective tissue layer)
Hypodermis (connective tissue layer)
What are some functions of the epidermis?
Derived from ectodermal layer
Outermost layer (epithelial stratisfied squamous)
No blood/lymph veseels
Holds lots of water
What are the two layers that compose the dermis?
Upper 1/5 dermal papillary layer
Lower 4/5 dermal reticular layer
What are the functions of the dermal papillae?
Finger like extensions of dermis that hold epidermal ridges together
How do stretch marks develop?
Permanent damage of the dermis
Rapid + excessive weight gain
What are some functions of the hypodermis?
Attaches reticular layer of dermis to underlying structures
COntains loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
Major blood vessels/nerves
Functions: energy resovoir + thermal insulation
What are skin ligaments
Attach deep fascia
Mor skin ligaments in palm, soles, face, breast
