Final Study 1

Question 1

What is the difference between Cranial/Caudal, Posterior/Anterior, Dorsal/Ventral, Proximal/Distal, Lateral/Medial, Superior/Inferior

Answer 1

Dorsal and ventral. Dorsal refers to the back of an organism and ventral to the belly.

Cranial and caudal. Cranial refers to the head end and caudal to the tail end.

Anterior and posterior. In a quadruped the terms are synonymous with cranial and caudal. In a biped (Homo) anterior is used to indicate the ventral surface and posterior to indicate the dorsal surface. You must be careful to use these terms properly for each organism. (Compare pig and human).

Superior and inferior. These terms are the equivalents of cranial and caudal in Homo. Superior means toward the head and inferior toward the feet. These terms are not used for quadrupeds.

Proximal and distal. Proximal refers to the end of a structure nearest a major point of reference and distal to the end furthest from a point of reference. The point of reference is usually the origin of a structure (such as a limb) or the ventral midline of the body. Proximal and distal are relative terms. These terms are correctly used to describe relative positions of structures in the limbs.

Medial and lateral. Medial means nearer the midline of the body and lateral means further from the midline; these are relative terms. They may also refer to the midline and “sides” of a major organ. The “outer” surface of a limb is the lateral surface and the “inner” the medial.

Question 2

What is Supine vs Prone?

Answer 2

Supine: face up
Prone: face down

Question 3

What is Oral/Aboral, Abluminal/Adluminal?

Answer 3

abluminal is (anatomy) away from the lumen while adluminal is (anatomy) near or toward the lumen of a seminiferous tubule.

Oral= towards mouth
Aboral= away from mouth

Question 4

What is epithelial tissue?

Answer 4

Cover surface of body, body cavities + internal organs

Question 5

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 5

Protection
Resorption
Secretion
Perception

Question 6

What are the different types of epithelial membranes?

Answer 6

Skin/Cutis
Mucosa
Serosa

Question 7

What is the function of Mucosa?

Answer 7

Lines body surface that are exposed to external environment

Question 8

What is the purpose of serosa?

Answer 8

Mesothelium- covers body cavities

Question 9

What is endothelium?

Answer 9

Covers lumen of all blood vessels + lymphatic vessels

Question 10

What are the different types of epithelia?

Answer 10

Simple- one layer
Stratisfied- multiple layers

Squamous- flat
Cuboidal- cube
Columnar- Rectangular
Transitional- can change shape
Pseudostratisfied- like stratisfied however actually only one layer

Question 11

What are the different types of connective tissue?

Answer 11

Connective Tissue Proper

• Loose (Areolar + fat tissue)
• Dense (Ligaments + tendons)

Fluid connective tissue

• Blood
• Lymph

Supporting connective tissues

• Cartilages (Hyaline, elastic, fibrous)
• Bone

Question 12

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Answer 12

Connecting and support
Protection
Transportation
Storage

Question 13

What are the cells of connective tissue

Answer 13

Connective tissue proper

• adipocytes (fat cells)
• Fibrocytes (Tendons + ligaments)

Fluid connective tissue
Blood cells (macrophages, lymphcytes, granulocytes)

Supporting connective tissues
- Chondrocytes (cartilage)
Osteocytes (bone)

Question 14

What are cancers that arise from connective tissue called?

Answer 14

Liposarcoma (fat)
Fibrosarcoma (Fibre)
Histiocytic sarcoma (macrophage)
Lymophma (Lymphocytes)
Myeloid Sarcoma (Granulocytes)
Chondrosarcoma (Cartilage)
Osteosarcoma (Bone)

Question 15

What are the components of the extracellular matrix?

Answer 15

Fibers of connective tissue

• collagen fibres
• elastic fibers
• reticular fibers

Ground substance

• macromolecules
• water

Abundant fibers + less ground substance= dense connective tissue

Abundant ground substance + less fibers= loose connective tissue

Question 16

What is the ECM composed of?

Answer 16

Collagen/elastic fibers, macromolecules, water and minerals

Question 17

What are the types of ECM?

Answer 17

Cartilage- chondrocytes, large amount of water (rubbery)
Bone- Large distance between osteocytes
Tendon- fibrocytes, gaps contain fibrocytes
Blood- Erythrocytes + lymphocyte, gaps contain fluid

Question 18

What are the three types of Muscle cells and their functions?

Answer 18

Cardiac- pumps blood through body
Skeletal- regulates temp
- facilitates body movement
Smooth- Move food, urine, reprod tract secretions
- regulate calibre of airways and blood vessels

Question 19

Where is nerve tissue derived from and what is it composed of?

Answer 19

Ectoderm
Nerve cells- recieve and transmit info
Glial cells- insulate and protect nerve cells

Question 20

What is the function of the integumentary system?

Answer 20

Protection
Containment
Thermoregulation
Sensory organ
Photochemical synthesis
Exrection
Absorption

Question 21

What are the three layers of skin?

Answer 21

Epidermis (Epithelial tissue layer)
Dermis (Connective tissue layer)
Hypodermis (connective tissue layer)

Question 22

What are some functions of the epidermis?

Answer 22

Derived from ectodermal layer
Outermost layer (epithelial stratisfied squamous)
No blood/lymph veseels
Holds lots of water

Question 23

What are the two layers that compose the dermis?

Answer 23

Upper 1/5 dermal papillary layer

Lower 4/5 dermal reticular layer

Question 24

What are the functions of the dermal papillae?

Answer 24

Finger like extensions of dermis that hold epidermal ridges together

Question 25

How do stretch marks develop?

Answer 25

Permanent damage of the dermis

Rapid + excessive weight gain

Question 26

What are some functions of the hypodermis?

Answer 26

Attaches reticular layer of dermis to underlying structures
COntains loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
Major blood vessels/nerves
Functions: energy resovoir + thermal insulation

Question 27

What are skin ligaments

Answer 27

Attach deep fascia

Mor skin ligaments in palm, soles, face, breast