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Excitable Cells > Gross organisation of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Gross organisation of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Despite nervous systems appearing slightly different across animal orders…

A

they are composed of key shared features

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2
Q

What nervous system of Sponges and jellyfish have?

A

a nerve net

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3
Q

what’s the difference neuronally between vertebrates and invertebrates?

A

Invertebrates have a ventral nerve cord, compared with a dorsal cord in vertebrates

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4
Q

What brain regions do all vertebrates have? (5)

A

olfactory bulb, cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, optic tectum, medulla oblongata

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5
Q

what brain region do only mammals have?

A

Neocortex

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6
Q

What’s the Nervous system divided into?

A

Peripheral and Central nervous sytsem

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7
Q

What is the central nervous system divided into?

A

Spinal cord and Brain

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8
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system divided into?

A

Autonomic nervous system and Somatic nervous system

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9
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

What’s the somatic nervous system divided into?

A

Afferent and efferent nerves

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11
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Hollow spaces in the brain filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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12
Q

What’s the function of ventricles?

A
  • cushion the brain
  • maintain chemical stability
  • remove waste products
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13
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A
  • tubular, long structure made up of nervous tissue extending from the brain to the lower back
  • Protected by spinal column and surrounded by meninges and CSF
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14
Q

What’s the purpose of the spinal cord?

A

it’s the primary channel for messages from skin, joints and muscles to and from the brain

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15
Q

What type of neurons do the dorsal roots of the spinal cord contain?

A

Sensory, afferent neurons

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16
Q

what type of neurons do the ventral roots of the spinal cord contain?

A

motor, efferent neurons

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17
Q

what matter does the spinal cord contain (2)

A

grey and white

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18
Q

what is grey matter?

A

neuron cell bodies

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19
Q

what is white matter?

A

myelinated axons

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20
Q

Which is the oldest part of the brain?

A

brainstem

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21
Q

what is the function of the brainstem?

A

controls vital functions

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22
Q

what 4 parts does the brainstem contain?

A
  • midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • pons
  • medulla
  • cerebellum
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23
Q

What is the pons?

A

a swelling coming out from the ventral surface of the brainstem

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24
Q

what’s the function of the pons?

A

important relay between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex

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25
Q

What’s the function of the medulla?

A

control of blood pressure and respiration

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26
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

movement control

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27
Q

what is the cerebellum connected to?

A

cerebrum and spinal cord

28
Q

How many neurons does the cerebellum contain?

A

more than both cerebral hemispheres (lots in a small space)

29
Q

what do diseases of the cerebellum normally cause?

A

ataxias- aberrant movement coordination (similar to that seen from alcohol as alcohol effects the cerebellum)

30
Q

Can humans live without a cerebellum?

A

yes

31
Q

What is the mesencephalon commonly known as?

A

midbrain

32
Q

what’s the function of the mesencephalon? (2)

A
  • linkages between components of motor systems

- eye movement

33
Q

What does the diencephalon contain?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

34
Q

What is the function of the thalamus? (2)

A

relay and gating

35
Q

what’s the function of the hypothalamus? (2)

A

homeostasis and reproduction

36
Q

How is the cerebral cortex divided?

A

into left and right hemispheres along a sagital fissure

37
Q

what is the function of the cerebral cortex? (3)

A

voluntary actions, cognition, perception/awareness

38
Q

how many layers is the mammalian cerebral cortex?

A

6- most complex

39
Q

What does the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex relate to?

A

intelligence

40
Q

what’s the purpose of cortical folding in the cerebral cortex?

A

to increase the SA, therefore increasing cerebral neurons in the space

41
Q

what are each cerebral hemisphere divided into?

A

lobes

42
Q

how many cerebral lobes?

A

4

43
Q

what are the 4 cerebral lobes?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

44
Q

what are the 3 layers of cells of the embryo?

A
  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
  • ectoderm
45
Q

What does the endoderm form into?

A

linings and organs

46
Q

what does the mesoderm form into?

A

bones and muscles

47
Q

what does the ectoderm form into?

A

nervous system and skin

48
Q

how is the neural tube formed?

A

the neural plate folds

49
Q

what does the CNS form from?

A

the walls of the neural tube

50
Q

what does the PNS form from?

A

the neural crest

51
Q

what causes spina bifida?

A

the failure of the posterior neural tube to close

52
Q

what are 4 ways of imaging the brain?

A
  • MRI
  • CT
  • fMRI
  • PET
53
Q

What does CT stand for?

A

Computed Tomography

54
Q

what happens in a CT scan?

A

an X-ray source is rotated around the head within the plane of the desired cross-section.
on the other side, there are detectors sensitive to X-rays.
Information is fed into a computer, which uses an algorithm to construct an image.

55
Q

what does the CT scan image show?

A

The gross organization of grey and white matter and ventricles in the living brain

56
Q

what was MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

57
Q

Compare CT to MRI

A

MRI shows a more detailed map of brain w/o X-rays

58
Q

How does an MRI work?

A

Uses information on how hydrogen atoms in the brain respond to perturbations of a strong magnetic field.
EM signals emitted are detected by an array of surrounding sensors to construct a map of the brain

59
Q

What can a MRI image show?

A

A map of the entire brain

60
Q

what are MRI and CT scans useful for?

A

detecting structural changes like swelling or tumours

61
Q

what don’t MRI and CT scans show?

A

chemical/ electrical occurrences in the brain

62
Q

What does PET stand for?

A

Positron Emission Topography

63
Q

How is a PET done?

A

a radioactive solution containing atoms that emit positrons is introduced to the blood stream. Positrons are emitted wherever the blood goes

64
Q

What does a PET scan show?

A

Where metabolic activity is occurring in the brain- which parts of the brain are active for different activities (live imaging)

65
Q

what does fMRI do?

A

detects regions of more activity by measuring the ratio of haemoglobin to deoxyhaemoglobin

Excitable Cells (8 decks)

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