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Excitable Cells > Cellular organisation of the nervous system > Flashcards

Cellular organisation of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What did Golgi invent, and what did this allow?

A

a silver stain that allowed the staining of entire neurons (before this point only the cell bodies had been visualised under a microscope). It therefore allowed visualisation of neurites (processes)

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2
Q

What was the name of Golgi’s theory?

A

reticular theory

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3
Q

what was reticular theory?

A

that neurites (dendrites and axons) were fused together

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4
Q

Is reticular theory correct?

A

no (we now know that it is false)

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5
Q

Who used Golgi’s stian to make big discoveries?

A

Cajal

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6
Q

What was the name of Cajal’s theory?

A

the neurone doctrine

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7
Q

what did the neurone doctrine state?

A

that neurones are distinct cells (not fused together) which communicate by contact

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8
Q

Has well as the neurone doctrine, what else did Cajal find? (2)

A

neurons have a preferred direction in which they transmit information and that they don’t make connections at random (they only contact certain other neurones at particular points)

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9
Q

In more recent times, what 3 new technologies have allowed better understanding of the cellular structure of the nervous system?

A
  • electron microscope
  • fluorescence labelling techniques
  • confocal microscopes
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10
Q

what did the development of the electron microscope allow?

A

the visualisation of cell ultrastructure (confirmed the existence of synapses)

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11
Q

What’s the disadvantage of Electron microscopes?

A

cells have to be dead to use this technique

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12
Q

What’s the principle of fluorescence labelling techniques?

A
  • a selective antibody/ drug is tagged with a fluorescent label
  • add tissue and allow to bind strongly to target protein
  • wash off any free, labeled antibody/drug
  • imaging to show fluorescence- distribution of binding
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13
Q

What’s the disadvantage of fluorescence labelling techniques?

A

it’s limited by the range of antibodies available

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14
Q

What is a confocal microscope?

A

uses lasers, high sensitivity cameras and imagine software to examine live cells/ physiology

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15
Q

what’s the disadvantage of a confocal microscope?

A

its resolution isn’t very high

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16
Q

What are the 2 major cell types of the nervous system?

A

Glia and Neurones

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17
Q

are there more glia or neurones in the brain?

A

it varies- they outnumber eachother at different regions

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18
Q

what’s the primary role of the glia?

A

to support neurons

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19
Q

what’s a major difference betwen glia and neurons?

A

glia can divide- neurons can’t

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20
Q

What are the 5 types of glia?

A 
Astrocytes
Oligodendriocytes
Schwann cells
Microglia
Ependymal cells
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21
Q

What type of glia are the majority of glia?

A

astrocytes

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22
Q

What shape are astrocytes?

A

star

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23
Q

spatially what do astrocytes do?

A

fill space between neurons

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24
Q

what’s the role of astrocytes?

A

regulation composition of Extracellular fluid (may also have an important role in directing the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells)

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25
Q

Generally, what do oligodendrocytes and schwann cells do?

A

myelinate axons of neurons

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26
Q

Which part of the nervous system are oligodendrocytes found?

A

CNS

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27
Q

Do oligodendrocytes have 1 or many axons?

A

many

28
Q

which part of the nervous system are schwann cells found?

A

PNS

29
Q

do schwann cells have 1 or many axons?

A

one

30
Q

What do microglia do?

A

They act as ‘brain scavengers’

have a phagocytic/ immune function

31
Q

can microglia migrate?

A

Yes

32
Q

what do ependymal cells do?

A

line ventricles and direct cell migration during development of brain

33
Q

what do ependymal cells look like?

A

epithelial cells

34
Q

What makes neurones highly polarised, generally?

A

large differences between the axons and dendrites (att either end)

35
Q

generally, what do axons do?

A

propagate info.

36
Q

generally, what do dendrites do?

A

receive info

37
Q

what important organelles do axons contain? (1)

A

synaptic vesicles

38
Q

What important organelles do dendrites contain (3)?

A

ER, Golgi and ribosomes

39
Q

describe axon branches

A

long, untapered

40
Q

describe dendrite branches

A

short, tapered

41
Q

are axons myelinated?

A

yes

42
Q

are dendrites myelinated?

A

no

43
Q

do axons have nodes of ranvier?

A

yes

44
Q

do dendrites have nodes of ranvier?

A

no

45
Q

what can neurons trigger?

A

APs (action potentials)

46
Q

do dendrites have Ca2+ channels?

A

yes

47
Q

do axons have Ca2+ channels?

A

no

48
Q

Do dendrites have ligand gated ion channels?

A

yes

49
Q

do axons have ligand gated ion channels?

A

no

50
Q

do dendrites have Na+ and K+ channels?

A

no

51
Q

do axons have Na+ and K+ channels?

A

yes

52
Q

do dendrites have GPCRs?

A

yes

53
Q

do axons have GPCRs?

A

yes

54
Q

what’s the purpose of the neuronal cytoskeleton?(3)

A

gives structural support, transports cargo from axons to dendrites, tethers components at membrane surface

55
Q

what are microtubules made up of?

A

neurofilaments

56
Q

what are neurofilaments made up of?

A

microfilaments

57
Q

describe microtubules (structure/role etc.) (5)

A
  • run longitudinally down axons and dendrites
  • big + wide
  • made of tubulin polymers
  • role: structure/ support
  • contain kinesin and dynein
58
Q

Describe neurofilaments (structure/role etc.) (4)

A
  • 10nm wide
  • filamentous
  • made of protein threads
  • role: mechanistic strength
59
Q

Describe microfilaments (structure/role etc.)

A
  • 5nm wide
  • tethered to membrane
  • made of actin polymers
  • role: mediate shape change
60
Q

What are the 3 main structural classifications of neurons?

A
  • unipolar
  • bipolar
  • multipolar
61
Q

what are the 3 functional classificatiosn of neurons?

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • interneurons
62
Q

what are interneurons?

A

neurons that join sensory and motor neurons (between them)

63
Q

What does proximal dendrite malformation correlate well with?

A

severity of mental retardation

64
Q

what is believed to cause proximal dendrite malformation?

A

impoverished environment during ‘critical period of brain development’

65
Q

what nervous system problems are related to Alzheimers?

A

dead and dying neurons (neurofibrils) which form plaques

Excitable Cells (8 decks)

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