Gross Neuroanatomy + BBB Flashcards
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
What is the Bell-Magendie law?
entering dorsal carries sensory, exiting ventral carries motor
What is the reflex arc?
sensory neuron to spinal cord to motor neuron, circumvents the brain
What is the telencephalon composed of and what is the function?
Cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, limbic system, basal ganglia, basal forebrain
Cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, limbic system, basal ganglia, basal forebrain HOHA (hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulbs, hypothalamus)
Basal ganglia: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
Basal forebrain: contains nucleus basalis (sends ACh axons to cerebral corex, arousal, damage = memory + learning impairments)
What is the diencephalon composed of and what is the function?
thalamus + hypothalamus
Regulates internal environment
Controls release of pituitary gland hormones
“Drive” states
What is the mesencephalon composed of and what is the function?
midbrain
Tectum (“roof”): superior colliculus (visual), inferior colliculus (auditory)
Tegmentum: red nucleus (motor coordination), substantia nigra (dopamine production), CN 3& 4 (eye movements), periaqueductal grey (PAG, pain suppression)
What is the metencephalon composed of and what is the function?
Pons, cerebellum (damage = cerebellar ataxia)
Pons: brings information to and from cerebellum
Cerebellum: movement, balance, coordination
What is the myelencephalon composed of and what is the function?
medulla
breathing, HR
How many layers does the neocortex have? Where does incoming and outgoing info go?
6 layers, incoming sensory goes to 4, outgoing information goes to 5 and 6
What does the blastocyst invaginate to become?
gastrula
What are the three germ layers?
Ectoderm: outermost, forms skin and nervous system
Mesoderm: middle, forms skeletal + muscular + circulatory system
Endoderm: innermost, linings of internal organs
What is described as ‘the organiser’?
dorsal lip of the blastopore
What is the rule for neurulation?
NEURAL TUBE CNS, NEURAL CREST PNS
Which germ layer becomes the neural plate?
ectoderm to neuroectoderm
What are the steps from neuroectoderm to tube?
plate
groove
folds
tube (lateral to tube is crest)
What are the three primary vesicles?
prosencephalon (most rostral/anterior)
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon (most caudal/posterior)
What are the 5 secondary vesicles and what do they form? And when do they develop?
telencephalon - cerebrum diencephalon - thalamus + hypothalamus mesencephalon - midbrain metencephalon - pons + cerebellum myelencephalon - medulla oblongata
5 weeks post conception
What ventricles are associated with each of the five vesicles?
telencephalon - none diencephalon - lateral + third mesencephalon - cerebral aqueduct metencephalon - none myelnecephalon - fourth ventricle
What are the four Brodmann’s areas, where are they located?
BA 17: primary visual cortex
BA 1: primary sensory cortex (post-central gyrus)
BA 4: primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrus)
BA 41 and 42: primary auditory cortex (under Sylvian fissure)
What are the 4 features of the BBB?
Continuous intercellular tight junction, pericytes (wrap around endothelial cells, induce TJ formation, contribute to construction of basal lamina), basal lamina (layer of ECM secreted by endothelial cells), astrocytes
What molecules can diffuse across the BBB?
High to low concentration, fat-soluble, low electrically charged small molecules
What is transcellular movement?
Transport proteins grab and ferry across
What is transcytosis?
Larger proteins (endo + exo)
What are the 3 layers of meninges?
Dura mater: two layers, outermost
Arachnoid mater: spider-like, granulations projecting into dura
Pia mater: delicate, adheres closely to brain
