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Physiological Psych Lab > Gross Neuroanatomy and Experimental Methods > Flashcards

Gross Neuroanatomy and Experimental Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main approaches to classifying “parts” of the nervous system?

A

Structural Neuroanatomy and Functional Neuroanatomy

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2
Q

What is structural Neuroanatomy

A

Focus on physical (visible) landmarks and spatial relation between brain structures

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3
Q

What is functional neuroanatomy?

A

Focus on parts of nervous system that work together to accomplish a task.

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4
Q

Major divisions of the nervous system: Hindbrain

A

Metencephalon & Myelencephalon.
(pons cerebellum, medulla, and brain stem)
* autonomic: breathing, muscle/motor coordination, sensory information

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5
Q

What is the Tectum & Tegmentum responsible for?

A

Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/awake, arousal, reflexes.

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6
Q

Major divisions of the nervous system: Forebrain

A

Diencephalon and Telencephalon
- Diverse sensory, motor integrative functions including cortex, BG, hippocampus, amygdala

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7
Q

What are landmarks of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Precentral gyrus
  • Superior, middle, inferior gyri
  • Central Sulcus
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8
Q

What are landmarks of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Superior parietal lobule
  • Inferior parietal lobule
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9
Q

What are landmarks of the occipital lobe?

A
  • Parieto-occipital sulcus
  • Calcarine fissure
  • Cuneus
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10
Q

What are landmarks of the Temporal lobe?

A

*Lateral sulcus
* Superior temporal gyrus
*Middle temporal gyrus
* Inferior temporal gyrus

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11
Q

What are ventricles in the brain contain?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

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12
Q

True or False: Each division of the brain is associated with a ventricle?

A

True

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13
Q

Which ventricle is associated with Telencephalon

A

Lateral ventricles

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14
Q

What ventricle is associated with Diencephalon

A

3rd Ventricle

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15
Q

What ventricle is associated with Mescencephalon?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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16
Q

What ventricle is associated with Metencephaloon & Myelencephalon?

A

4th Ventricle

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17
Q

What are neurons?

A

Functional cellular unit, transmits information via action potential & neurochemical release

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18
Q

What are glia cells?

A

Provides structural and metabolic support for neurons (modulate, support, and insulate neurons with myelin sheaths?

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19
Q

What are the two types of matter in the nervous system?

A

Grey matter & white matter

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20
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Unmyelinated neurons and parts of neurons

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21
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated parts of neurons and glia.

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22
Q

Name the parts of a neuron.

A
  • cell body
  • Dendrites
    *Axon
  • Dendritic spines
  • Axon terminal
  • Axonal Boutons
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23
Q

Where does the input come from on a neuron?

A

The dendrites

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24
Q

Where does the output come from on a neuron?

A

Axon terminal/ axonal boutons.

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25
Q

What are the two ways to classify neurons?

A
  1. Based on the number of extensions that extend from the neuron’s cell body ( unipolar, bipolar, multipolar.
    2.According to their connections
    (sensory, motor, interneurons, projection neurons)
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26
Q

What are the 5 stages of action potential?

A
  1. Resting state
    2.Depolarising phase
  2. Repolarising phase
  3. undershoot
  4. Resting state
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27
Q

What stages are sodium channels open for action potential?

A
  1. Repolarising phase
28
Q

What stages are potassium channels open for action potential?

A

Depolarising phase

29
Q

What are the 4 main macroglia cell types?

A
  1. Astrocyte
  2. Oligodendrocyte
  3. Schwann Cell
  4. Satellite Cell
30
Q

Where is an astrocyte found and what is its function?

A

CNS/PNS
Physical and nutritional support

31
Q

Where is an oligodendrocyte found and what is its function?

A

CNS
Myelin/guidance

32
Q

Where is a schwann cell found and what is its function?

A

PNS
Myelin/Guidance

33
Q

Where is a satellite cell found and what is its function?

A

PNS
Physical support

34
Q

Where is microglia found and what is its function?

A

CNS
Tissue repair; debris removal; defense

35
Q

What are 3 examples of planes of section?

A
  1. Coronal
  2. Saggital
  3. Horizontal
36
Q

What are the 4 directions for orientation of a brain?

A
  1. Superior (dorsal)
  2. Rostral (anterior)
  3. Caudal (posterior)
  4. Inferior (ventral)
37
Q

True or False: The skull imposes size limits on cerebral cortex?

A

True

38
Q

What does lissencephalic mean and give an example.

A

Smooth brain
ex. rat

39
Q

What are two examples of tract tracing methods?

A
  1. Anterograde tracing
  2. Retrograde tracing
40
Q

What does anterograde tracing consist of?

A

-Marker is placed in the cell body region and travels to the terminals
- Trace the substance to where it terminates

41
Q

What does retrograde tracing consist of?

A

-Marker is placed in the terminal region, and travels back to the cell body
- Trace the substance to where it initiates

42
Q

What is the purpose of lesion methods?

A

To study the behavioral effects of damage to the nervous system.

43
Q

What are two different types of lesion studies?

A
  1. Clinical human lesion studies (naturally occurring)
  2. Experimental animal lesion studies (induced)
44
Q

What is mechanical damage?

A

TBI
ex. Phineas Gage

45
Q

What causes hypoxia, anoxia, and/or Ischemia?

A

Brain damage as a result of low oxygen to the brain (i.e. blood clot in artery supplying the brain…)

46
Q

What are two examples of neurodegenerative?

A
  • Alzheimer’s Disease
  • Parkinson’s Disease
47
Q

What does the stereotaxic atlas do?

A

Provides coordinates of different brain structures.

48
Q

Name 4 different types of experimental lesion methods.

A
  1. Surgical
  2. Electrolytic
  3. Temporary
  4. Chemical
49
Q

Explain what is a surgical lesion method.

A

Neural tissue is destroyed by removing it surgically.

50
Q

Explain what is an electrolytic lesion method?

A

Neural tissue is destroyed through the application of electrical shock trauma
- Can cause localized damage but will damage a variety of cell types as well as traversing fibers from other brain areas that happen to be near the lesion site.

51
Q

Explain what is a temporary lesion method?

A
  • Neural tissue is temporarily disabled by cooling or use of anesthetics such as tetrodotoxin (blocks aps)
  • Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs)(virus that can be infused into brain area of interest, which will build receptors that can then be targeted by a designer drug.
  • Optogenetics (virus infused into brain area that expresses a light sensitive receptor, which can then be targeted using a specific wavelength)
52
Q

What is an example of chemical lesion methods?

A

-Neurotransmitter specific
-Excitotoxic (these neurotoxic agent kill cell bodies, but leave axons passing through intact)

53
Q

What are problems with the lesion method?

A
  • physical and anatomical variability in lesions
  • conceptual problems
  • Really measuring activity of the nervous system????
54
Q

Name two different recording methods and what they are.

A
  1. Electrical Recording - measure an electrophysiological response as a direct response of a thought or perception or stimulus
  2. Chemical Recording- measure neurotransmitter or metabolite levels in extracellular fluid and CSF.
55
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Electroencephalogram
-superficial (cortical) activity
- Records evoked potentials

56
Q

Singular Cellular and Multicellular Recording

A

-High level of accuracy and precision
- Measurement inside an actual cell, but can cause damage to the membrane around the electrode tip.

57
Q

Strength and Weakness of an EEG

A

Strength- excellent temporal resolution; provides functional information (shows task related changes in activity
Weakness- Poor spatial resolution

58
Q

What is microdialysis

A

Perfusate fluid is pumped through micro dialysis cannula, mixes with a chemical of interest, and is then brought up to be sampled by experimenters

59
Q

Pros vs. Cons of microdialysis

A

Pro- can monitor hours, days, weeks
Con- causes lesion, or disrupts BBB, low temporal and spatial resolution

60
Q

Name three different scanning methods

A
  1. CT/CAT - computerized tomography
  2. PET - positron emission tomography
  3. MRI- magnetic resonance imaging
61
Q

What is a CT scan?

A
  • Reconstructs 2D xray images into 3d images of internal organs
  • very dense tissue like bone blocks lots of x-rays (white) grey matter blocks some, and fluid even less (black)
  • The images are not quite as detailed as MRI, and there is some radiation but is less expensive than a MRI.
62
Q

What is a PET scan?

A
  • Measures blood flow or metabolism to parts of the brain using radioactive glucose.
  • More glucose consumption = more active
  • Less glucose consumption= less active
    Excellent temporal resolution
    Poor spatial resolution
63
Q

What is a structural MRI

A
  • uses powerful magnetic field to realign hydrogen atoms in the body so they all spin along the same axis
  • a radio pulse alters the spin direction of certain hydrogen atoms, and when that radio pulse is shut off, they snap back to their original spin
64
Q

What is a functional MRI (fMRI)?

A

-Utilizes MRI to measure additional haemodynamic (blood oxygen) level as related to neural activity in the brain. This signal overlies the static image of the tissue itself as measured by MRI.
- Differences in blood oxygenation levels can be measured as blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast.

65
Q

What is a diffusion MRI?

A
  • assesses white matter tracts at microstructural level
  • Fractional anisotropoy (FA) values provide measure of degree to which water diffusion is restricted along one axis.

Physiological Psych Lab (4 decks)

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