Gross Anatomy of the Heart and Coronary Circulation

Question 1

what are the four chambers of the heart

Answer 1

Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle

Question 2

what are the great vessels of the heart

Answer 2

Aorta
 Superior vena cava
 Inferior vena cava
 Pulmonary arteries
 Pulmonary veins

Question 3

desribe the surface anantomy of the heart

Answer 3

Long axis runs infero-laterally towards left

Right side runs between 3rd & 6th costal cartilages (CC) in parasternal line

Left side runs from 2nd CC to 5th intercostal space (IC) near to midclavicular line

⅓ of heart right of midline
⅔ of heart left of midline
Posterior surface between T5 and T8

Question 4

what is the pericadial cavity known as and what does it contain

Answer 4

is a potential space normally containing a small amount of serous fluid

Question 5

true or false, Parietal and visceral pericardium arent continuous

Answer 5

false, Parietal and visceral pericardium are continuous

Question 6

what is the epicardium the same as

Answer 6

visceral pericardium

Question 7

layers of the serous pericardium

Answer 7

fibrous pericardium
parietal pericardium
visceral pericardium aka epicardium

Question 8

layers of the heart

Answer 8

visceral pericardium aka epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

Question 9

where is the pericardial cavity located

Answer 9

between parietal pericardium and the visceral/epicardium

Question 10

what are the two sinuses formed as the pericardium wraps around the heart and vessels?

Answer 10

transverse and oblique

Question 11

what is the aortic knuckle?

Answer 11

contour of the aortic arch seen in an antero-posterior radiograph

Question 12

what is an auricle

Answer 12

protrusion of the surface wall of each atrium

Question 13

what does the pulmonary trunk branch into?

Answer 13

left and right pulmonary arteries

Question 14

desribe the genera structure and function of the atria

Answer 14

Thin-walled
Receiving chambers functioning merely to fill the ventricles
Important in setting cardiac pace (~60 bpm)

Question 15

desribe the genera structure and function of the ventricle

Answer 15

Main pumping mechanism (discharging chambers)
Thick muscular walls (L>R)
Slow but sure (40 bpm)

Question 16

what does the crista terminalis do?

Answer 16

separates rough and smooth walls

Question 17

what does the Sulcus terminalis do?

Answer 17

corresponding on exterior

Empties into RV via tricuspid valve

Question 18

structure of the the right atrium

Answer 18

Forms right border
SVC, IVC and coronary sinus drain here
Smooth wall = sinus venarum
Rough wall with musculi pectinati

Question 19

structure of the the left atrium

Answer 19

Forms posterior surface/base of heart
4 pulmonary veins drain here
Smooth and rough areas

Question 20

through which valve does the left atrium empty?

Answer 20

mitral valve

Question 21

is the mitral valve bicuspid or tricuspid?

Answer 21

bicuspid, so has two cusps

Question 22

structure of the the right ventricle

Answer 22

Blood from RA through tricuspid valve

Blood to pulmonary artery via infundibulum (conus arteriosus) and pulmonary valve

Question 23

main identifiers of the right ventricle

Answer 23

Prominent trabeculae carnae
Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
Moderator band (septomarginal trabecula

Question 24

where does the LV take blood to

Answer 24

Blood from LA through mitral valve

Blood to aorta via aortic valve

Question 25

main identifiers of the left ventricle

Answer 25

Prominent trabeculae carnae | Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

Question 26

compare the two ventricles

Answer 26

Left ventricle much larger than right ventricle Left ventricular wall much thicker

Question 27

what does the semilunar valve not have that many valvues do

Answer 27

chordae tendineae or papillary muscles

Question 28

what are the semilumar valvues

Answer 28

``` valves between ventricles and great vessels Pulmonary valve (RV) and aortic valve (LV) ```

Question 29

what are the 4 caridac valves

Answer 29

Pulmonary Aortic Mitral Trisuspid

Question 30

why cant the 4 vavles of the heart be directly aucaltated

Answer 30

All four cardiac valves lie in the same plane Valves located behind sternum

Question 31

where are the 4 vavles of the heart aucaltated

Answer 31

auscultated where chamber or vessel receiving blood is closest to the surface

Question 32

which are the only arteries in the body that actually fill during diastole?

Answer 32

coronary arteries

Question 33

what about the coronary arteries prevents blood blow to the coronary circulation during systole?

Answer 33

Position of coronary arteries and opening of aortic valve

Question 34

where does the right coronary artery originate>

Answer 34

right aortic sinus

Question 35

where does the right coronary atery run down

Answer 35

atrioventricular groove

Question 36

what does the right coronary artery supply?

Answer 36

Supplies right atrium and ventricle and posterior ⅓ of interventricular septum Supplies sinoatrial nodal artery (SAN) in 60% of people and atrioventricular nodal branch (AVN) in 80% of people

Question 37

where does the marginal artery brance of the right coronary artery

Answer 37

branches off along inferior border to apex

Question 38

what shape do the R coro and magarinal arteries form

Answer 38

L shape

Question 39

what branches of f the R coro in 85% of people

Answer 39

the posterior decending

Question 40

where does the left coronary sinus orginate?

Answer 40

Originates from left aortic sinus

Question 41

what is the diference in size between the LCA and the RCA

Answer 41

Larger but shorter than right CA

Question 42

describe the bifurcation of the LCA

Answer 42

Bifurcates almost immediately into left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx)

Question 43

another name for the left antrior descending artery?

Answer 43

anterior interventricular = “widow maker”

Question 44

what does the LCA supply

Answer 44

left atrium and ventricle and anterior ⅔ of interventricular septum

Question 45

what is the corronary artery distribution like in the population

Answer 45

Considerable variation in the distribution of coronary arteries amongst the general population

Question 46

describe the veinous drainage of the heart? naming the vein and its artery

Answer 46

``` Cardiac veins accompany coronary arteries: Great CV – left anterior descending Middle CV – posterior descending Small CV – marginal artery Oblique CV descends from L atrium ```

Question 47

what do the Great, middle, small & oblique drain into and where do they go from there

Answer 47

coronary sinus and then to R atrium

Question 48

what does the aneterior cardiac vein do

Answer 48

collects blood from R ventricle and drains to R atrium

Question 49

what does the smallest (thebesian) cardiac vein do

Answer 49

return blood directly to heart chambers