Gross Anatomy of the Heart

Question 1

the heart is located

Answer 1

between the sternum in the mediastinum between the lungs, with its apex pointed downward and toward the left hipo.
hollow, cone shaped organ about the size of a closed fist (250-350 g)

Question 2

the pericardium is

Answer 2

a sac that surrounds and protects the heart

Question 3

parietal pericardium forms

Answer 3

sac and consists of a tough fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and a thin, smooth serous layer
-anchors heart in mediastinum and prevents stretching

Question 4

visceral pericardium

Answer 4

covers surface of heart

Question 5

a pericardial cavity between the visceral and parietal layers is

Answer 5

filled with pericardial fluid

which lubricates membranes and reduces frication as heart beats

Question 6

pericarditis

Answer 6

describes an inflamed pericardium due to bacterial or viral infection
-membranes may stick together and interfere with pumping ability of heart

Question 7

the outer epicardium

Answer 7

which is the visceral pericardium is a thin serous membrane composed of mesothelium and areolar connective tissue

Question 8

the middle myocardium

Answer 8

is a thick layer of cardiac muscle bound together with collagen fibers and elastic fibers
-cardiac muscle triggers contractions that pump blood out of heart

Question 9

the inner endocardium

Answer 9

is a thin layer of endothelium and connective tissue

Question 10

the inner endocardium lines

Answer 10

the chambers of the heart, covers valves, and is continuous with inner lining of large blood vessels associated with heart

Question 11

there are two superior chambers (atria) that

Answer 11

recieve blood from veins

Question 12

each atrium has a

Answer 12

small flap-like auricle that increases its capacity to hold blood

Question 13

the walls of the atria are separated by

Answer 13

an interatrial septum

Question 14

there are two inferior chambers (ventricles)

Answer 14

that pump blood into arterires

Question 15

ventricles have ______ walls

Answer 15

thick

Question 16

atria have ____ walls

Answer 16

thin

Question 17

the walls of the ventricles are separated by

Answer 17

a muscular interventricular septum

Question 18

heart valves control

Answer 18

passively the direction of blood flow through the heart

Question 19

valves consist of

Answer 19

two or three cusps (flaps)

Question 20

there are no valves at

Answer 20

the enterance to heart (vena cava) or pulmonary valves

Question 21

atrioventricular valves are composed of

Answer 21

dense connective tissue

Question 22

atrioventricular valves separate

Answer 22

an atrium from its corresponding ventricle

Question 23

right AV valve is

Answer 23

tricuspid (w/ 3 cusps)

Question 24

left AV valve is

Answer 24

bicuspid (mitral) valve

Question 25

atriocentricular valves are anchored to

Answer 25

walls of a ventricle by chordae tendineae that attach to papillary muscles in walls of ventricle

Question 26

semilunar valves are found at

Answer 26

the base of each large artery that emerges from the heart

Question 27

pulmonary semilunar valve opens into

Answer 27

pulmonary trunk

Question 28

aortic semilunar valve opens into

Answer 28

the aorta

Question 29

semilunar valves consist of

Answer 29

three cusps of dense connective tissue that are attached directed to wall of the artery

Question 30

oxygen poor blood from the head, neck, and chest region enters the

Answer 30

right atrium through the superior vena cava

Question 31

oxygen poor blood from the legs and trunk enters

Answer 31

the right atrium through the inferior vena cava

Question 32

blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the

Answer 32

right ventricle | -when right ventricle is full, it exerts more pressure than right atrium and tricuspid valve is forced shut

Question 33

blood is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the

Answer 33

pulmonary trunk to be carried into the lungs via the pulmonary arteries for oxygenation

Question 34

oxygen rich blood returns to the heart via

Answer 34

the pulmonary veins to the left atrium

Question 35

blood flows through the bicuspid valve into the

Answer 35

left ventricle when left ventricle is full, it exterts more pressure than left atrium and bicuspid is forced shut

Question 36

blood is pumped through aortic semilunar valve in the aorta to be

Answer 36

delivered to the rest of the body

Question 37

cardiac muscle must recieve

Answer 37

constant supply of blood

Question 38

the ascending aorta gives rise to the

Answer 38

left and right coronary arteries | -they branch to supply blood to myocardium

Question 39

blood returns to the cardiopulmonary circulation via

Answer 39

2 pathways

Question 40

about 20% of coronary blood empties directly into the

Answer 40

right ventricle, while remaining blood passes throgh cardiac veins to the coronary sinus and into right atrium