Composition of Blood and Hemostasis Flashcards
1
Q
components of the circulatory system
A
blood, heart, blood vessels, lymph, and lymphatic vessels
2
Q
the cardiovascular system comprises of
A
the heart and blood vessels
3
Q
the 3 main functions of blood
A
transportation, protection, and regulation
4
Q
how blood protects the body (4)
A
- clotting to protect against blood loss
- phagocytic while blood cells destroy invading microorganisms and toxins
- antibodies neutralize and/or destroy pathogens
- inflammation limits the spread of infection
5
Q
how blood transports in the body (3)
A
- blood carries oxygen from lungs to cells and carbon dioxide from cells to lungs
- blood carries nutrients from gastrointestinal tract to cells and metabolic heat and wastes away from cells
- blood carries hormones from endocrine glands to their target cells
6
Q
how blood regulates the body (3)
A
- blood buffers maintain constant pH levels throughout body
- blood flow maintains normal body temperature
- blood volume maintains water balance throughout body
7
Q
blood constitutes about _____% of one’s total body weight
A
8
8
Q
average female has _______ liters of blood
A
4-5
9
Q
average male has ________ liters of blood
A
5-6
10
Q
blood is a type of __________ tissue
A
connective
11
Q
approximately _____% of total blood volume is plasma
A
55
12
Q
____% of the total blood volume consists of formed elements
A
45
13
Q
plasma
A
clear extracellular fluid
14
Q
formed elements consist of (3)
A
red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes)
15
Q
blood is more/less viscous than water because:
A
more viscous because of the presence of formed elements and plasma proteins
16
Q
viscosity of blood affects:
A
blood pressure
17
Q
blood is slightly _______ with a normal pH ranging between ____ and _____
A
alkaline
7.35-7.45
18
Q
osmolarity is important in maintaining
A
the fluid balance in tissues
19
Q
osmolarity is determined by:
A
the number of red blood cells, sodium ions, and proteins
20
Q
BCOP
A
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure
21
Q
if blood osmolarity is too high,
A
too much water could be absorbed from tissues, would cause blood volume to increase and blood pressure to rise
22
Q
if blood osmolarity is too low,
A
too much water could remain in tissues
23
Q
blood plasma is straw-colored fluid consisting of about _____% water and _____% solutes
A
92% water
8% solutes
24
Q
__________remains after clotting proteins are removed from blood plasma
A
blood serum
25
plasma contains a variety of
proteins
26
albumins
a type of protein in plasma that contribute to viscosity and osmolarity which influences blood flow, blood pressure, and water balance (60%)
27
globulins
a type of protein in plasma that transport lipids, fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, hormones, iron and llipds (36%)
28
immunoglobins
antibodies that combat pathogens, protein
29
fibrinogen
a protein, becomes fibrin
30
fibrin is a main component of
blood clots (4%)
31
plasma also contains a variety of dissolved solutes including
nitrogenous wastes, nutrients, carbon dioxide and oxygen, electrolytes
32
erythrocytes
biconcave disks that lack nuclei and organelles
33
the red blood cells can change or can't change shape
CAN
34
red blood cells carry out
anaerobic respiration (doesn't consume oxygen)
35
red blood cells cannot carry out
protein synthesis and do not undergo mitosis
36
about one third of the weight of an erythrocyte is due to the protein
hemoglobin (HB)
37
function of hemoglobin
gives blood its color and transports gases
38
each hemoglobin molecule
breaks down into 4 chains of the protein globin chains, each one of those is made up of non-protein hemes
39
each heme group contains
an ion ion that can transport one oxygen molecule
40
each erythrocyte contains up to:
280 million hemoglobin molecules, enabling it to transport up to one billion molecules of oxygen
41
when oxygen is bound to hemoglobin the complex is called
oxyhemoglobin
42
hemoglobin that lacks oxygen
deoxyhemoglobin
43
hemoglobin is packaged into erythrocytes to:
- reduce osmolarity
- increase gas transport
- to prevent its leakage from capillary blood vessels
44
if hemoglobin was suspended in plasma it would
clog blood stream and reduce circulation and safe levels of free hemoglobin in the blood could not transport enough oxygen
45
hematocrit is
the percentage of whole blood volume that comes from erythrocytes
46
reason for lower hematocrit in females
is due to lower androgen levels, higher percentage of body fat, menstruation during reproductive years
47
erythrocytes originate from
hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow that undergo erythropoisis
48
kidneys and liver release________ for erythrocyte production
hormone erythropoietin to stimulate proerythroblasts to differentiate and become mature erythrocytes over 15 days
49
reduction in blood of oxygen levels causes
kidneys to increase the output of EPO to stimulate production of more red blood cells
50
life span of blood cell
120 days (wear and tear on the membrane)
51
old erythrocytes are removed from circulation by
the liver and spleen
52
hemolysis releases the
hemoglobin and separates it into globins and heme groups
53
the old globins from old erythrocytes are
broken down into amino acids, which get recycled
54
the iron from the old heme group is
reused, but the rest of the heme gorup is converted into waste bilirubin
55
Human ABO blood types are due to
the presence or absence of proteins on the surface of an erythrocyte determined by the alleles 1^A, I^B, and I
56
people with genotype IAIA or IAi produce
only antigen A and have type A blood
57
people with genotype IBIB or IBi produce
only antigen B and have type B blood
58
people with genotype IAIB produce
both antigen A and B and have type AB blood
59
people with genotype ii produce
niether antigen A nor B and have type O blood
60
agglutinins
naturally occuring antibodies in blood plasma that will react with A or B antigens and cause clumping among erythrocytes
61
ppl with antigen A have
anti-B antibodies
62
ppl with antigen B have
anti-A antibodies
63
ppl with both antigens have
no antibodies
64
ppl without both antigens have
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
65
a transfusion reaction can occur when
erythrocytes in tranfused blood clump together and rupture because of the agglutinins in the recipient's plasma
66
donor antibodies are usually
too dilute to cause clumping in the recipeints blood
67
universal recipeints
type AB blood because they have neither anti-A antibodies or anti-B antibodies to conflict with donor blood
68
universal donors
type O blood because it lacks both A antigens and B antigens on red blood cells
69
people who are Rh+ have
the D antigen present on their red blood cells
70
anti-D antibodies are:
not naturally present in blood plasma and will develop only in Rh- individuals who have been exposed to D antigens and "sensitized"
71
granulocytes
larger than erythrocytes, have conspicuous nuclei and stained organelles in the cytoplasm, and exhibit a grainy appearance (white blood cells)
many types
72
neutrophils
make up 60-70% of a white blood cell count
(WBC)
-cytoplasm appears light purple and granules stain from pink to red
-nucleus may exhibit 2-5 lobes (often different shapes, creating polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
(G)
73
neutrophil functions
phagocytize bacteria
| protect against certain kinds of parasitic worms
74
eosinophils
make up 2-4% of a WBCcount
cytoplasmic grunules stain from bright red to orange
nucleus usually exhibits two distinct lobes
(G)
75
eosinophil functions
release enzymes to combat inflammation during allergic reactions
protect against certain kinds of parasitic worms
76
basophils
make up less than 1% of a WBC count
cytoplasmic granules stain from dark blue to purple
nucleus is bilobed or "s" shaped often obscured by cytoplasmic granules to tissues
(G)
77
basophil functions
secrete histamine to increase blood flow
| secrete heparin to reduce blood clotting
78
agranulocytes
tend to be larger than erythrocytes, have darkly stained nuclei and lack cytoplasmic granules
79
lymphocytes
make up 25-33% of WBC count
| nucleus is dark violet and surrounded by a thin ring of blue-stained cytoplasm
80
lymphocyte functions
destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells
secrete antibodies during immune responses
81
monocytes
make up 3-8% of a WBC count
| nucleus is horse-shoe shaped or kidney shaped and cytoplasm is blue-gray
82
monocyte functions
differentiate into macrophages that leave blood to phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, tissue dusbris
activate the immune response
83
the lifespan of a leukocyte is
relatively short because of its role in phagocytosis
84
platelets
are membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic fragments of larger cells that lack nuclei
85
platelet functions
secrete chemicals to stop bleeding and to promote blood clotting
phagocytize bacteria
attract neutrophils and monocytes to the site of inflammation
86
normal platelet count ranges from
130,000 to 400,000 per microliter of blood and circulate freely in the blood for about 10 days
87
hemostasis
the stoppage of bleeding in damaged blood vessels
88
a vascular spasm can be triggered
by chemicals released from local pain receptors that cause circular smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels to contract and constrict the vessels for a few minutes until other hemostatic mechanisms begin
89
damage to a blood vessel exposes
collagen fibers in the wall of the blood vessel so ciruclating platelets can adhere to these fibers and form a platelet plug
90
platelets release
chemicals causing additional platelets to form a sticky mass that activates postive feedback loop to quickly prevent blood loss from small vessel
91
coagulation
the conversion of blood from a liquid to a sticky gel
92
an injury to a blood vessel requires the
activation of various coagulation factors in order to trigger the "clotting cascade"
93
"clotting cascade"
converts clotting factors into enzymes in a sequence to act as amplifying mechanism to ensure rapid clotting
94
the extrinsic pathway
is initiated by clotting factors released from a damaged blood vessel or from tissues around a damaged blood vessel
95
the extrinsic pathway process
tissue thromboplastin combines with a clotting factor 7 in the presence of calcium ions to activate factor X
can be triggered in a matter of seconds in cases of severe trauma
96
the intrinsic pathway
is inititated by substances in blood plasma that cause aggregated platelets to release PF3
97
the intrinsic pathway process
the PF3 activates a cascade of reactions, also requiring calcium ions, that activate factor X
this process is more complex and operates more slowly than the extrinsic pathway but both pathways usually work together following injury
98
The common pathway begins when
facor X combines with the other factors and calcium ions to produce the enzyme prothrombinase (prothrombin activator)
99
prothrombinase catalyzes
conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
100
thrombin converts
soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads to form framework of a blood clot
101
thrombin accelerates
formation of prothrombinase by positive feedback
102
normal blood clotting requires
vitmain K to synthesize several clotting factors in the liver
103
vitamin K is
fat soluble vitamin normally produced by bacteria in large intestine
104
within 30 minutes of clot formation
clot retraction tightens the fibrin threads and pulls the dges of the damaged vessel together so permanent repair of the vessel can occur
105
fibrinolysis
dissolves the clot following repair of the damaged blood vessul
106
tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
converts plasminogen into plasmin
107
plasmin digests
fibrin threads and breaks up blood clot
108
cells that line undamaged blood vessels
endothelial cells
109
endothelial cells that line undamaged blood vessels produce
prostacyclin to prevent platelets from adhering to the walls of the blood vessel
110
normal blood flow is fast engouh to prevent
thrombin and other clotting factors from accumulation and triggering the "clotting cascade"
111
anticoagulants in blood plasma can
interfere with the "clotting cascade"
112
process of anticoagulants
antithrombin deactivaties thrombin before it can convert fibrinogen to fibrin, heparin interferes with the formation of prothrombinase which blocks conversion of prothrombin into thrombin, asprin interferes with enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of prostaglandins thus slowing clot formation by blocking platelet aggregation
