Blood Diseases and Disorders

Question 1

polycythemia is characterized by

Answer 1

a very high erythrocyte count and hematocrit

-increases blood volume, blood viscosity, and blood pressure which can lead to reduced circulation

Question 2

primary polycythemia

Answer 2

caused by cancer in red bone marrow and can produce red blood cell count in excess of 11 million creating hematocrit of 80%

Question 3

secondary polycythemia

Answer 3

can be caused by severe dehydration or hypoxemia

Question 4

anemia describes

Answer 4

any decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to a drop in the number of erythrocytes or an insufficient amount of hemoglobin

Question 5

iron deficiency anemia

Answer 5

is the most common nutritional disorder in the world and it results form insufficient iron in the body

• affects toddlers, adolescent girls, and females of child-bearing age
• caused by dietary insufficiency

Question 6

pernicious anemia

Answer 6

results from excessive blood loss through injury, ulcers, or heavy menstruation

Question 7

hemolytic anemia

Answer 7

occurs when erythrocytes rupture from toxins, venoms, allergic reactions or malaria

Question 8

aplastic anemia

Answer 8

occurs when red bone marrow is destroyed and erythropoiesis halts

Question 9

thalassemia

Answer 9

describes a group of hereditary anemias among Mediterranean peoples that causes a deficiency or complete absence of hemoglobin

Question 10

Sickle cell disease

Answer 10

a hereditary defect in the structure of hemoglobin molecules that is common among Africans

Question 11

in sickle cell disease the erythrocytes become

Answer 11

sickled and sticky and block capillaries- can cause kidney failure, heart failure, stroke, paralysis

Question 12

reduction of circulation leads to

Answer 12

fatigue, weakness, pain, and disorientation

Question 13

sickle cell trait

Answer 13

(HBA-HBS) produces fewer deformed erythrocytes and offers carriers some resistance of malaria
-since protection against malaria outweighs risk of developing sickle cell disease, gene for HBS has persisted among populations in tropical regions

Question 14

hemolytic disease

Answer 14

of the newborn can occur only if an Rh woman becomes pregnant with an Rh+ fetus

Question 15

hemolytic disease during childbirth

Answer 15

Rh antigens form fetus can cross placenta and enther mother’s bloodstream triggers production of anti-D antibodies by mothers immune system. subsequent pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus becomes dangerous because anti-D antibodies from the mothers immune system can cross teh placenta into the fetal bloodstream and clump large numbers of RBC’s. Can be prevented by injecting serum containing anti-D antibodies into an Rh- woman within 72 hours after delivery, miscarrige, or abortion of an Rh+ fetus. anti-D antibodies destroy any fetal Rh antigens in mother’s bloodstream

Question 16

Leukopenia

Answer 16

indicates abnormally low white blood cell count

Question 17

leukopenia is often a consequence of

Answer 17

lead poisoning or mercury poisoning

Question 18

leukopenia is often a symptom of

Answer 18

radiation sickness and may be a side effect of anti-cancer drugs or immunosuppressive drugs give to transplabnt recipients

Question 19

infectious mononucleosis is

Answer 19

a contagious disease cause by the epstein-barr virus invading B lymphocytes

• transmitted by exchanging saliva
• symptoms include fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands
• liver and or spleen are affected-so bed rest is recomended treatment

Question 20

leukemia is

Answer 20

a hemopoietic cancer that produces too many circulating leukocytes

Question 21

leukemia is classified as

Answer 21

myeloid- too many granulocytes

lymphoid- too many agranulocytes

Question 22

in acute leukemia there is

Answer 22

uncontrolled production and accumulation of immature, poorly differentiated leukocytes

Question 23

in chronic leukemia there isq

Answer 23

accumulation of mature leukocytes that do not die at the end of their normal life span
-proliferation of later “cell types” among older individuals

Question 24

decline in number of funcional luerkocytes

Answer 24

incerases risk of developing opportunistic infections

Question 25

decline in number of erythrocytes can

Answer 25

cause anemia and fatigue

Question 26

decline in number of platelets can

Answer 26

cause clotting problems and internal bleeding

Question 27

thrombocytopenia

Answer 27

indicates very low platelet count that results in a tendency to bleed from the capillaries

Question 28

hemophilia

Answer 28

describes a group of hereditary diseases that are cause by an x-linked recessive gene that produces spontaneous bleeding and reduced clotting ability

Question 29

most common cause of hemophilia

Answer 29

a lack of factor 8 followed by a lack of factor 9

Question 30

treatment of hemophilia

Answer 30

transfusing the missing coagulation factor(s)

Question 31

clot formation may occasionally happen in

Answer 31

an unbroken blood vessel

Question 32

-thrombus

Answer 32

is a blood clot that grows large enough to block a small blood vessel

Question 33

if a piece of thrombus breaks loose

Answer 33

and travels through bloodstream it becomes an embolus

Question 34

if an embolus becomes lodged in an artery that supplies a major organ

Answer 34

disruption of blood flow to the organ can be fatal

Question 35

emboi are common in

Answer 35

veins in arms and legs and they tend to break loose and travel to lungs where they can cause pulmonary embolism and death from hypoxia (insufficient oxygen)