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MSK > Gross Anatomy of the Back > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy of the Back Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major bones of the back?

A

scapula
clavicle
humerus
rib(s)
hip
vertebral colum

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2
Q

What is the main function of the vertebral column

A

transmit weight of trunk to lower limbs

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3
Q

What does the vertebral column do?

A

surrounds and protects the spinal cord

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4
Q

How many bones and why type does the vertebral column contain?

A

26 irregular bones

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5
Q

What are the cervical vertebrae and how many do are there?

A

vertebrae of the neck, 7 of them (C1 is at the base of the skull)

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6
Q

What are the thoracic vertebrae and how many are there?

A

vertebrae of the thoracic cage, 12 of them (T1 is just below C7)

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7
Q

What are the lumbar vertebrae and how many are there?

A

vertebrae of the lower back, 5 of them (L1 is just below T12)

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8
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae

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9
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

terminus of the vertebral column

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10
Q

What are the different categories of vertebrae?

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx

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11
Q

What happens to the vertebrae as we go down the spine?

A

they get larger to support our weight

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the curvature of the vertebral column?

A

increase the resilience and flexibility of the spine
has a natural curve to transmit out weight evenly

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13
Q

What two parts of the vertebral column are posteriorly concave curvatures?

A

cervical and lumbar

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14
Q

What to parts of the vertebral column are posteriorly convex curvatures?

A

thoracic and sacral

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15
Q

What are 3 abnormal spine curvatures?

A

scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis

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16
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

abnormal lateral curve

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17
Q

What problem might arise due to scoliosis?

A

compromization of respiratory function

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18
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

hunchback

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19
Q

What is lordosis?

A

swayback

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20
Q

What is the general structure of vertebrae?

A

body or centrum
vertebral arch
vertebral foramina
intervertebral formaine
seven processes

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21
Q

What is the body of vertebrae?

A

anterior weight bearing region

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22
Q

What is the vertebral arch?

A

composed of pedicles and laminae that, along with centrum, enclose vertebral foramen

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23
Q

What is the vertebral foramina?

A

together make up vertebral canal for spinal cord

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24
Q

What is the intervertebral foramina?

A

lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae for spinal nerves

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25
Q

What are the seven processes of the vertebra and how many are there of each?

A

spinous process
transverse processes (2)
superior articular processes (2)
Interior articular processes (2)

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26
Q

What is the projection of the spinous process?

A

projects posteriorly

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27
Q

What is the projection of the transverse processes?

A

project laterally

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28
Q

How do the superior articular processes protrude?

A

superiorly inferiorly

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29
Q

How do the inferior articular processes protrude?

A

inferiorly

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30
Q

What is Pars Interarticularis?

A

segment of bone in between the superior and inferior articular facets
small bony arch in the back of the spine between the facet joints
scottie dog appearance on oblique radiographs

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31
Q

What happens if there is a defect in the Pars Interarticularis?

A

leads to spondylolysis

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32
Q

Where is a common area where fractures occur, typically in the lumbar region?

A

Pars Interarticularis

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33
Q

“define” C1-C-7

A

smallest, lightest vertebrae

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34
Q

What are the features of C3-C7 vertebrae?

A

oval body
spinous processes are bifid (expect C7)
Large, triangular vertebral foramen
Transverse foramen in each transverse process

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35
Q

What are C3-C7 classified as?

A

typical vertebrae

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36
Q

What does bifid mean?

A

looks like it has feet

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37
Q

What is the transverse foramen?

A

opening in transverse process, only seen in cervical vertebrae

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38
Q

What is another name for C1?

A

Atlas

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39
Q

What is another name for C2?

A

axis

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40
Q

What are the unique features of atlas (C1)?

A

no body or spinous process
consists of anterior and posterior arches and 2 lateral masses
superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with the occipital condyles

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41
Q

What are the unique features of axis (C2)?

A

dens (odontoid process) projects superiorly into the anterior arch of the atlas
dens (not seen in other vertebra) is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas

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42
Q

What is the dens/odontoid process?

A

developmentally though to be the detached body of C1

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43
Q

What are characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

All 12 articulate with ribs at facets (not typically seen in C or L) and demifacets
long spinous process
location of articular facets allows rotation of this area of spine

44
Q

Where might an extra facet be seen and what does this mean?

A

C7 and that person would have a 13th rib which can be symptomatic

45
Q

How would you describe lumbar vertebrae?

A

short, thick pedicles and laminae
flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes

46
Q

What prevents the lumbar vertebrae from rotating?

A

orientation of the articular facets locks lumbar vertebrae together to prevent rotation

47
Q

How many vertebrae make up the sacrum?

A

5 fused vertebrae
S1-S5

48
Q

What does the sacrum form?

A

the posterior wall of the pelvis

49
Q

What does the sacrum articulate with?

A

L5 superiorly and with articular surfaces of the hip bones laterally

50
Q

What is another term for the coccyx?

A

tailbone

51
Q

How many vertebrae make up the coccyx?

A

3-5 fused vertebrae

52
Q

What does the coccyx articular with?

A

superiorly with the sacrum

53
Q

What is the sacral promontory?

A

upper margin of first sacral process

54
Q

What is the ligamentum flavum?

A

connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae
this is where spinal anesthetic is injected

55
Q

Where are the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments found?

A

from the neck to the sacrum

56
Q

What are short ligaments?

A

connect each vertebra to those above and below

57
Q

What are intervertebral discs?

A

cushionlike pads composed of two parts
nucleus pulposus
anulus fibrosus

58
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus intervertebral disc?

A

inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility

59
Q

What is the anulus fibrosus intervertebral disc?

A

outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage

60
Q

What is a disorder of the vertebral column?

A

ankylosing spondylitis

61
Q

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

A

mobility of vertebral column is compromised - can result in fusing of vertebrae

62
Q

What happens in spinal stenosis?

A

the vertebral foramen becomes narrowed

63
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

refers to the separation of the pars interarticularis
fracture WITHOUT displacement of the bone

64
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

refers to anterior slippage of one vertebra over another (in the front of the spine)
fracture WITH displacement of the bones

65
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve

66
Q

All but which spinal nerve participate in dermatomes?

A

C1

67
Q

Why do most dermatomes overlap?

A

so destruction of a single spinal nerve will not cause complete numbness
if we have an injury or cut, we don’t lose sensation

68
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

A

31 pairs

69
Q

What is the purpose of roots in regards to spinal nerves?

A

each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord via 2 roots

70
Q

What are ventral roots in regards to spinal nerves?

A

contain motor (efferent) fibers from the ventral horn motor neurons
fibers innervated skeletal muscles

71
Q

What are dorsal roots in regards to spinal nerves?

A

contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia
conduct impulses from peripheral receptors

72
Q

motor=?

A

efferent

73
Q

sensory=?

A

afferent

74
Q

How do dorsal and ventral roots interact?

A

they unite to form spinal nerves which then emerge from the vertebral column via the intervertebral foramina

75
Q

What happens with disc prolapse?

A

whole spinal nerve is compromised

76
Q

What is rami in regards to spinal nerves?

A

each spinal nerve branches into mixed rami
dorsal ramus
larger ventral ramus
meningeal branch

77
Q

What does rami communicate?

A

communicates (automatic pathways) join to the ventral rami in the thoracic region

78
Q

What ventral rami form interlacing nerve networks called plexuses?

A

cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral
NOT T2-T12

79
Q

What is a plexus?

A

interlacing nerve networks

80
Q

What and how is the back innervated?

A

it is innervated by dorsal rami via several branches

81
Q

What do the ventral rami of T2-T12 as intercostal nerves supply?

A

supply muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdominal wall

82
Q

What is deep fascia?

A

it includes collagen and tissue and it it thicker on the back

83
Q

What is thoracolumbar fascia and what does it do?

A

deep fascia
covers deep muscles of the back
attaches medially to spine of vertebrae
inferiorly to ilium
provides attachments to muscles

84
Q

What are the 3 muscle groups of the back?

A

superficial layer
intermediate layer
deep layer

85
Q

What is the origin of almost all 3 muscle groups?

A

vertebrae

86
Q

What is the function of the superficial layer of the back muscles?

A

move upper extremity (arm)

87
Q

What is the function of the intermediate layer of the back muscles?

A

respiratory muscles (insert to rib)

88
Q

What is the function of the deep layer of the back muscles?

A

move trunk and back

89
Q

What is the trapezius supplied by?

A

11th cranial nerve

90
Q

How many cranial nerves do we have?

A

12

91
Q

What muscle helps us to shrug our shoulders?

A

levator scapulae

92
Q

What is the triangle of auscultation?

A

best place to pick up breath sounds
triangular area medial to the scapula
overlies the 6th intercostal space

93
Q

What are the boundaries of the triangle of auscultation?

A

interior - latissimus dorsi
medial - trapezius
lateral - medial border of scapula

94
Q

What is the inferior lumbar (petit) triangle?

A

an area not covered by muscle

95
Q

What are the boundaries of the inferior lumbar (petit) triangle?

A

inferior - iliac crest
posterior - latissimus dorsi
anterior - external abdominal oblique

96
Q

What is the clinical importance of the inferior lumbar (petit) triangle?

A

herniations occasionally occur

97
Q

What muscles are included in the intermediate group of muscles in the back?

A

lavatores costarum
serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior

98
Q

What are the muscles of the superficial group of muscle in the back?

A

trapezius
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
rhomboid minor
rhomboid major

99
Q

What does the serratus posterior superior do?

A

attaches to ribs to help in inspiration
deep to rhomboid

100
Q

What does the serratus posterior inferior do?

A

pulls thoracic cage down helping in expiration
deep to latissimus dorsi

101
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the deep group of muscles of the back?

A

splenius
erector spinae
spinotransverse (transversospinal)

102
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the erector spinae from lateral to medial?

A

iliocostalis
longissiums
spinalis

103
Q

What is the sub-occipital triangle?

A

pair of muscular triangles, situated on each side of the mid line in the suboccipital region

104
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the sub-occipital triangle?

A

obliquus capitis superior
obliquus capitis inferior
rectus capitis posterior major

105
Q

What parts are included in the sub-occipital triangle?

A

3rd part of vertebral artery, C1 (suboccipital nerve), plexus of vein

MSK (11 decks)

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