Gross Anatomy I Exam II Material Flashcards
The cervical vertebra, easily identified in a radiograph, with ventrally projecting lamina of the transverse process, is the:
6th cervical vertebra
The intercapital ligament is in most close contact with which of the following:
a) ventral longitudinal ligament
b) nucleus pulposus
c) supraspinous ligament
d) annulus fibrosis
e) costal tubercles
d) annulus fibrosis
The ventral serrated edges of the serratus ventralis, in the lateral thoracic region, interdigitate with the dorsal attachments of which of the following muscles:
a) rectus thoracis
b) scalenus
c) external intercostals
d) internal abdominal oblique
e) external abdominal oblique
e) external abdominal oblique
The muscle most closely associated with the ventral surfaces of cervical intervertebral disks is the ___________.
longus colli muscle
At mid dorsoventral level, the deepest muscle of the abdominal wall is the _____________.
transversus abdominus muscle
This is a narrow muscle band between the Superficial Gluteal m. and the Biceps Femoris m. that acts to retract and abduct the limb, and extend the hip. It is only seen in the cat.
Gluteofemoral m.
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Tensor Fasciae Latae m.
Attachments: Tuber coxae and adjacent part of the Ilium, lateral femoral fascia
Actions: flex the hip and extend the stifle
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Superficial Gluteal m.
Attachments: lateral border of sacrum, first caudal vertebrae, third trochanter
Actions: Extend the hip and abduct the limb
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Middle Gluteal m.
Attachments: Crest and Gluteal surface of the Ilium, greater trochanter
Actions: Extend the hip, abduct the hip, and rotate the limb medially
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Deep Gluteal m.
Attachments: body of ilium, ischiatic spine, greater trochanter
Actions: extend the hip, abduct the hip, and rotate the limb medially
This is the collagenous band that runs from the sacrum to the lateral angle of the ischiatic tuberosity:
Sacrotuberous Ligament
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Internal Obturator m.
Attachments: symphysis of the pelvis, trochanteric fossa of the femur
Actions: rotate the limb laterally at the hip
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Gemelli m.
Attachments: lateral surface of the ischium, trochanteric fossa of the femur
Actions: rotate the limb laterally at the hip
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Quadratis Femoris m.
Attachments: Ventral surface of the caudal ischium, intertrochanteric crest
Actions: extend the hip, rotate the limb laterally
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
External Obturator m.
Attachments: ventral surface of the pubis and ischium, trochanteric fossa
Actions: rotate the limb laterally
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Biceps Femoris m.
Attachments: sacrotuberous ligament, ischiatic tuberosity, tuber calcanei
Actions: extend the hip, stifle, and hock; flex the stifle
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Semitendinosus m.
Attachments: ischiatic tuberosity, tibial tuberosity, tuber calcanei
Actions: Extend the hip and hock, flex the stifle
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Semimembraneosus m.
Attachments: ischiatic tuberosity, caudal rough surface of the femur, proximal tibia
Actions: extend the hip, flex the stifle
What is the lymphatic vessel that lies in the fat between the Biceps Femoris m. and the Semitendinosus m directly caudal to the stifle?
Popliteal Lymph Node
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Sartorius m. (cranial and caudal parts)
Attachments:
- Cranial*: crest of the ilium to the patella
- Caudal*: iliac spine to the cranial border of the tibia
Actions: both flex the hip
- Cranial*: extends the stifle
- Caudal*: flexes the stifle
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Gracilis m.
Attachments: pelvic symphysis via symphysial tendon, cranial border of the tibia, tuber calcanei
Actions: adduct the limb, flex the stifle, extend the hip and hock
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Pectineus m.
Attachments: iliopubic eminence, pubic tubercle, caudal rough face of the femur
Actions: adduct the limb
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Adductor m.
Attachments: pelvic symphysis, caudal rough face of the femur
Actions: adduct the limb, extend the hip
Which three structures make up the femoral triangle?
Femoral Triangle:
Dorsal border: Iliopsoas m.
Cranial border: caudal belly of the Sartorius m.
Caudal border: Pectineus m.
**The pulse is taken from the femoral artery here
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Quadriceps Femoris m.
Attachments: femur and illium, tibial tuberosity
Actions: MOST POWERFUL EXTENSOR or the stifle, one of the main “anti-gravity” muscles of the pelvic limb
Which muscles make up the Quadriceps Femoris?
Rectus Femoris m.
Vastus Lateralis m.
Vastus Intermedius m.
Vastus Medialis m.
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Iliopsoas m.
Attachments: Lumbar vertebrae and ilium, lesser trochanter
Actions: Major flexor of the hip
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Cranial tibial m.
Attachments: extensor groove of the tibia, lateral cranial tibial border, plantar surface base of metatarsals 1 and 2.
Actions: Supinate the tarsus/pes. When acting with the peroneus longus m., it will flex the tarsus
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Long Digital Extensor m.
Attachments: extensor fossa of the femur, extensor process of the distal phalanges of digits 2,3,4 and 5.
Actions: Extend the digits, flex the tarsus
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Peroneus Longus m.
Attachments: lateral condyle of the tibia, fourth tarsal bone
Actions: pronate the tarsus/pes, When acting with Cranial Tibial m. it will flex the tarsus
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Lateral Digital Extensor m.
Attachments: fibula, extensor process of digit 5.
Actions: Entend digit 5, flex the tarsus
This is the oblique band of thickened deep crural fascia that stretches from the distal 1/3 of the fibula to the medial malleolus of the tibia. It binds down the tendons of the Long Digital Extensor m and the Cranial Tibial m.
Crural Extensor Retinaculum
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Gastocnemius m.
Attachments: medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of the femur, Tuber calcanei
Actions: Extend the tarsus, flex the stifle
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Superficial Digital Flexor m.
Attachments: Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur, Tuber calcanei, Base of the middle phalanges of digits 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Actions: Flex the first two digital joints of the four principle digits, flex the stifle, extend the tarsus
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Deep Digital Flexor m.
Attachments: Proximal 2/3 of tibia, Proximal 1/2 of fibula, Plantar surface of the base of each of distal phalanges
Actions: flex the digits, extend the tarsus
Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:
Popliteus m.
Attachments: lateral condyle of the femur, Proximal 1/3 of the tibia
Actions: Rotate the crus medially
What is the name of this joint in the canine pelvic limb?
Coxofemoral (Hip) Joint
What is the name of this joint in the canine pelvic limb?
Stifle (Knee) Joint
What is the name of this joint in the canine pelvic limb?
Tarsus (Hock) Joint
An infection of the cranial nuchal bursa in the equine is referred to as ___________
Poll Evil
An infection of the supraspinous bursa in the equine is referred to as _________.
Fistulous Withers
What is the site of spinal puncture on a dog that is used for epidural anesthesia?
Lumbosacral puncture between the 7th lumbar vertebra and the 1st sacral vertebra
What is the site of spinal puncture in a dog that is used to obtain cerebrospinal fluid?
The atlanto-occipital Joint
The first sternebrae is referred to as the ___________
Manubrium
The last sternebrae is referred to as the ___________.
Xiphoid Process
The 13th rib in the canine is often referred to as a ___________.
Floating Rib
How many lumbar vertebrae are found in the dog?
There are 7 lumbar vertebrae found in the dog.
It’s helpful to remember too that they have those large transverse processes that helps to distinguish them from cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
How many thoracic vertebrae are found in the dog?
There are 13 thoracic vertebrae in the dog.
Also, just a reminder - ribs attach to the thoracic vertebrae (13 vertebrae = 13 pairs of ribs)
The joint between the atlas and the skull is called the ______________.
The joint between the atlas and the skull is called the Atlanto-occipital Joint
What is the vertebral formula for the canine?
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20-24
I know - Woah. They have asked this question on previous exams in the lab.
When you write it out, DON’T just write the numbers. You HAVE to write the first letter of the section of vertebrae in your answer. If they asked you for the canine formula, you would write: C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20-24. You usually don’t have to write the number of caudal vertebrae, only if they ask you for it.
How many patellar ligaments are observed in the equine pelvic limb and what are their names?
There are 3 patellar ligaments found in the horse.
- Lateral Patellar Ligament
- Intermediate (middle) patellar ligament
- Medial patellar ligament
Which two components make up the reciprocal apparatus in the equine?
The tendinous bands of the Peroneous Tertious and the Superficial Digital Flexor
Which component of the reciprocal apparatus is damaged in this picture, causing flexion of the stifle and extension of the hock?
The peroneus tertious is damaged.
Which component of the reciprocal apparatus is damaged in this picture, causing extension of the stifle and flexion of the hock?
The Superficial Digital Flexor is damaged
In which animal will we see both a Peroneus Tertious m. and a Fibularis Longus m.?
The bovine has both a Peroneus Tertious m. and a Fibularis Longus m.
In the bovine, the Gluteobiceps are a fusion of which two muscles?
The Superficial Gluteal m. and the Biceps Femoris m.
How many sacral vertebra are found in the canine?
3
What is the main action of the hypaxial muscles?
The main action of the hypaxial muscles is to flex the vertebral column (think “crunches”)
What is the main action of the epaxial muscles?
The main action of the epaxial muscles are is extend the vertebral column (arch the back)
Which muscle is regarded as the major flexor of the hip
Iliopsoas m.
What is the name of the muscle highlighted in red in the canine pelvic limb?
Semitendinosus m.
What is the name of the muscle highlighted in red in the canine pelvic limb?
Gastrocnemius m.
What is the name of the muscle highlighted in red in the canine pelvic limb?
Cranial Tibial m.
What is the name of the muscle highlighted in red in the canine pelvic limb?
Long Digital Extensor m.
What is the name of the muscle highlighted in red in the canine pelvic limb?
Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus m.
Which joint is the #1 arrow pointing to?
The tarsocrural joint
Which joint is the #2 arrow pointing to?
The proximal intertarsal joint
Which joint is the #3 arrow pointing to?
The distal intertarsal joint
Which joint is the #4 arrow pointing to?
Tarsometatarsal joint
Which muscle is the #1 arrow pointing to?
External abdominal oblique m.
Which muscle is the #2 arrow pointing to?
External intercostal mm.
Which muscle is the #3 arrow pointing to?
Rectus abdominis m.
Which muscle is the #4 arrow pointing to?
Internal intercostal mm.
Which muscle is the #5 arrow pointing to?
Rectus thoracis
Which muscle is the #6 arrow pointing to?
Scalenus m.
What is the name of the muscle highlighted in red?
Rectus abdominis
Which muscle is the #1 arrow pointing to?
Rectus abdominis
Which muscle is the #2 arrow pointing to?
Eternal intercostal mm.
Which muscle is the #3 arrow pointing to?
Transversus abdominis
Which muscle is the #4 arrow pointing to?
Scalenus
Which muscle is the #5 arrow pointing to?
Splenius m.
Which muscle is the #6 arrow pointing to?
Serratus Dorsalis Cranialis m.
Which muscle is the #7 arrow pointing to?
Longissimus Thoracis m.
In the canine pelvic limb, the muscle most equivalent to the common digital extensor, in function and location, is the:
Long Digital Extensor m.
Fabellae are sesamoids in the tendons of the ____________.
Gastrocnemius
What structure occurs in the region of the equine femoral triangle that is not located in the region of the canine fermoral triangle?
Proximal femoral lymph node
The anatomical name for the laterally projecting bony prominence, located cranial to the hip joint of the horse is the __________.
Tuber coxae
This lymphatic structure drains the ventral pelvis, medial thigh/stifle/crus, and the popliteal lymph node
The Superficial Inguinal Lymph Node
Which lymphatic vessel in the canine is the red arrow pointing to?
Superficial Inguinal Lymph Node
Which lymphatic vessel in the canine is the red arrow pointing to?
Popliteal lymph node
In the feline, which lymphatic vessel drains the popliteal lymph node?
Gluteal lymph node
Which lymphatic vessel in the feline is the red arrow pointing to?
Gluteal lymph node
Which lymphatic vessel in the feline is the red arrow pointing to?
The popliteal lymph node
Which lymphatic vessel(s) in the feline are the red arrows pointing to?
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Identify the Biceps Femoris muscle in this transverse section of the left thight (canine):
Identify the Semitendinosus muscle in this transverse section of the left thight (canine):
Identify the Semimembranosus muscle in this transverse section of the left thight (canine):
Which muscle, seen in the feline pelvic limb, arises from the first three caudal vertebrae and inserts on the fascia cranial to the biceps femoris muscle?
What is its action?
The Gluteofemoris m. (which is not seen in the canine) abducts the thigh and extends the hip joint
Which tendons make up the common calcanean tendon in the canine?
- Biceps Femoris
- Semitendinosus
- Gracilis
- Superficial Digital Flexor
- Gastrocnemius
Which tendon is torn in this canine pelvic limb?
The gastrocnemius tendon is torn
In this transverse section of the canine left crus, what muscle is indicated by the red oval?
The cranial tibial muscle
In this transverse section of the canine left crus, what muscle is indicated by the red oval?
The Long Digital Extensor m.
In this transverse section of the canine left crus, what muscle is indicated by the red oval?
The fibularis (or peroneus) longus m.
In this transverse section of the canine left crus, what muscle is indicated by the red oval?
Lateral Digital Extensor m.
In this transverse section of the canine left crus, what muscle is indicated by the red oval?
Deep Digital Flexor
In this transverse section of the canine left crus, what muscle is indicated by the red oval?
Superficial Digital Flexor
Cruciate ligaments in the canine stifle are named based on ______________.
Cruciate ligaments in the canine stifle are named based on where they attach on the tibia
In the canine stifle, do we more often see collateral ligament rupture occur in the medial or lateral collateral ligament?
We will more often see collateral ligament rupture of the medial collateral ligament in the canine stifle.
On the lateral side there is a lot more supporting the joint
What is the #1 site for osteochondrosis in the horse?
The distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT)
In the equine, ___________ is a condition where there is osteoarthritis or osteitis of the hock joint leading to lameness.
Bone spavin
What is the most cranial muscle in the equine crus?
Long Digital Extensor m.
What is the name for the medial branch of the cranial tibial muscle in the equine?
Cunean tendon
Identify the structures labeled a, b, and c in this diagram of an equine crus:
- a) Proximal extensor retinaculum
- b) Middle extensor retinaculum
- c) Distal extensor retinaculum
Inflammation of the subcutaneous calcaneal bursa/ intertendinous calcaneal bursa in the equine is referred to as _____________.
Inflammation of the subcutaneous calcaneal bursa/ intertendinous calcaneal bursa in the equine is referred to as capped hock
In the equine, which ligament runs along on plantar surface of the hock and functions to counteract the force generated by the calcaneal tendon?
The long plantar ligament runs along on plantar surface of the hock.
This ligament functions to counteract the force generated by the calcaneal tendon.
