Gross Anatomy I Exam II Material Flashcards by Chris Bessette

The cervical vertebra, easily identified in a radiograph, with ventrally projecting lamina of the transverse process, is the:

6th cervical vertebra

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The intercapital ligament is in most close contact with which of the following:

a) ventral longitudinal ligament
b) nucleus pulposus
c) supraspinous ligament
d) annulus fibrosis
e) costal tubercles

d) annulus fibrosis

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The ventral serrated edges of the serratus ventralis, in the lateral thoracic region, interdigitate with the dorsal attachments of which of the following muscles:

a) rectus thoracis
b) scalenus
c) external intercostals
d) internal abdominal oblique
e) external abdominal oblique

e) external abdominal oblique

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The muscle most closely associated with the ventral surfaces of cervical intervertebral disks is the ___________.

longus colli muscle

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At mid dorsoventral level, the deepest muscle of the abdominal wall is the _____________.

transversus abdominus muscle

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This is a narrow muscle band between the Superficial Gluteal m. and the Biceps Femoris m. that acts to retract and abduct the limb, and extend the hip. It is only seen in the cat.

Gluteofemoral m.

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Tensor Fasciae Latae m.

Attachments: Tuber coxae and adjacent part of the Ilium, lateral femoral fascia

Actions: flex the hip and extend the stifle

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Superficial Gluteal m.

Attachments: lateral border of sacrum, first caudal vertebrae, third trochanter

Actions: Extend the hip and abduct the limb

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Middle Gluteal m.

Attachments: Crest and Gluteal surface of the Ilium, greater trochanter

Actions: Extend the hip, abduct the hip, and rotate the limb medially

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Deep Gluteal m.

Attachments: body of ilium, ischiatic spine, greater trochanter

Actions: extend the hip, abduct the hip, and rotate the limb medially

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This is the collagenous band that runs from the sacrum to the lateral angle of the ischiatic tuberosity:

Sacrotuberous Ligament

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Internal Obturator m.

Attachments: symphysis of the pelvis, trochanteric fossa of the femur

Actions: rotate the limb laterally at the hip

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Gemelli m.

Attachments: lateral surface of the ischium, trochanteric fossa of the femur

Actions: rotate the limb laterally at the hip

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Quadratis Femoris m.

Attachments: Ventral surface of the caudal ischium, intertrochanteric crest

Actions: extend the hip, rotate the limb laterally

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

External Obturator m.

Attachments: ventral surface of the pubis and ischium, trochanteric fossa

Actions: rotate the limb laterally

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Biceps Femoris m.

Attachments: sacrotuberous ligament, ischiatic tuberosity, tuber calcanei

Actions: extend the hip, stifle, and hock; flex the stifle

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Semitendinosus m.

Attachments: ischiatic tuberosity, tibial tuberosity, tuber calcanei

Actions: Extend the hip and hock, flex the stifle

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Semimembraneosus m.

Attachments: ischiatic tuberosity, caudal rough surface of the femur, proximal tibia

Actions: extend the hip, flex the stifle

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What is the lymphatic vessel that lies in the fat between the Biceps Femoris m. and the Semitendinosus m directly caudal to the stifle?

Popliteal Lymph Node

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Sartorius m. (cranial and caudal parts)

Attachments:

Cranial*: crest of the ilium to the patella
Caudal*: iliac spine to the cranial border of the tibia

Actions: both flex the hip

Cranial*: extends the stifle
Caudal*: flexes the stifle

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Gracilis m.

Attachments: pelvic symphysis via symphysial tendon, cranial border of the tibia, tuber calcanei

Actions: adduct the limb, flex the stifle, extend the hip and hock

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Pectineus m.

Attachments: iliopubic eminence, pubic tubercle, caudal rough face of the femur

Actions: adduct the limb

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the:

Adductor m.

Attachments: pelvic symphysis, caudal rough face of the femur

Actions: adduct the limb, extend the hip

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Which three structures make up the femoral triangle?

Femoral Triangle:

Dorsal border: Iliopsoas m.

Cranial border: caudal belly of the Sartorius m.

Caudal border: Pectineus m.

**The pulse is taken from the femoral artery here

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Attachment(s) & action(s) of the: **Quadriceps Femoris m.**

**Attachments**: femur and illium, tibial tuberosity **Actions**: MOST POWERFUL EXTENSOR or the stifle, one of the main "anti-gravity" muscles of the pelvic limb

Which muscles make up the **Quadriceps Femoris**?

Rectus Femoris m. Vastus Lateralis m. Vastus Intermedius m. Vastus Medialis m.

Attachment(s) & action(s) of the: **Iliopsoas m.**

**Attachments**: Lumbar vertebrae and ilium, lesser trochanter **Actions**: Major flexor of the hip

Attachment(s) & action(s) of the: **Cranial tibial m.**

**Attachments**: extensor groove of the tibia, lateral cranial tibial border, plantar surface base of metatarsals 1 and 2. **Actions**: Supinate the tarsus/pes. When acting with the peroneus longus m., it will flex the tarsus

Attachment(s) & action(s) of the: **Long Digital Extensor m.**

**Attachments**: extensor fossa of the femur, extensor process of the distal phalanges of digits 2,3,4 and 5. **Actions**: Extend the digits, flex the tarsus

Attachment(s) & action(s) of the: **Peroneus Longus m.**

**Attachments**: lateral condyle of the tibia, fourth tarsal bone **Actions**: pronate the tarsus/pes, When acting with Cranial Tibial m. it will flex the tarsus

Attachment(s) & action(s) of the: **Lateral Digital Extensor m.**

**Attachments**: fibula, extensor process of digit 5. **Actions**: Entend digit 5, flex the tarsus

This is the oblique band of thickened deep crural fascia that stretches from the distal 1/3 of the fibula to the medial malleolus of the tibia. It binds down the tendons of the Long Digital Extensor m and the Cranial Tibial m.

Crural Extensor Retinaculum

Attachment(s) & action(s) of the: **Gastocnemius m.**

**Attachments**: medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of the femur, Tuber calcanei **Actions**: Extend the tarsus, flex the stifle

Attachment(s) & action(s) of the: **Superficial Digital Flexor m.**

**Attachments**: Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur, Tuber calcanei, Base of the middle phalanges of digits 2, 3, 4, and 5. **Actions**: Flex the first two digital joints of the four principle digits, flex the stifle, extend the tarsus

Attachment(s) & action(s) of the: **Deep Digital Flexor m.**

**Attachments**: Proximal 2/3 of tibia, Proximal 1/2 of fibula, Plantar surface of the base of each of distal phalanges **Actions**: flex the digits, extend the tarsus

Attachment(s) & action(s) of the: **Popliteus m.**

**Attachments**: lateral condyle of the femur, Proximal 1/3 of the tibia **Actions**: Rotate the crus medially

What is the name of this joint in the canine pelvic limb?

Coxofemoral (Hip) Joint

What is the name of this joint in the canine pelvic limb?

Stifle (Knee) Joint

What is the name of this joint in the canine pelvic limb?

Tarsus (Hock) Joint

An infection of the cranial nuchal bursa in the equine is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Poll Evil**

An infection of the supraspinous bursa in the equine is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

**Fistulous Withers**

What is the site of spinal puncture on a dog that is used for epidural anesthesia?

**Lumbosacral puncture** between the 7th lumbar vertebra and the 1st sacral vertebra

What is the site of spinal puncture in a dog that is used to obtain cerebrospinal fluid?

The atlanto-occipital Joint

The first sternebrae is referred to as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Manubrium

The last sternebrae is referred to as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Xiphoid Process

The 13th rib in the canine is often referred to as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Floating Rib

How many lumbar vertebrae are found in the dog?

There are 7 lumbar vertebrae found in the dog. It's helpful to remember too that they have those large transverse processes that helps to distinguish them from cervical and thoracic vertebrae.

How many thoracic vertebrae are found in the dog?

There are 13 thoracic vertebrae in the dog. Also, just a reminder - ribs attach to the thoracic vertebrae (13 vertebrae = 13 pairs of ribs)

The joint between the atlas and the skull is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

The joint between the atlas and the skull is called the **Atlanto-occipital Joint**

What is the vertebral formula for the canine?

**C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20-24** I know - Woah. They have asked this question on previous exams in the lab. When you write it out, DON’T just write the numbers. You HAVE to write the first letter of the section of vertebrae in your answer. If they asked you for the canine formula, you would write: C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20-24. You usually don’t have to write the number of caudal vertebrae, only if they ask you for it.

How many patellar ligaments are observed in the equine pelvic limb and what are their names?

There are 3 patellar ligaments found in the horse. 1. Lateral Patellar Ligament 2. Intermediate (middle) patellar ligament 3. Medial patellar ligament

Which two components make up the **reciprocal apparatus** in the equine?

The tendinous bands of the **Peroneous Tertious** and the **Superficial Digital Flexor**

Which component of the **reciprocal apparatus** is damaged in this picture, causing flexion of the stifle and extension of the hock?

The **peroneus tertious** is damaged.

Which component of the **reciprocal apparatus** is damaged in this picture, causing extension of the stifle and flexion of the hock?

The **Superficial Digital Flexor** is damaged

In which animal will we see _both_ a **Peroneus Tertious m**. and a **Fibularis Longus m.**?

The **_bovine_** has both a Peroneus Tertious m. and a Fibularis Longus m.

In the bovine, the **Gluteobiceps** are a fusion of which two muscles?

The **Superficial Gluteal m.** and the **Biceps Femoris m.**

How many sacral vertebra are found in the canine?

What is the main action of the **hypaxial** muscles?

The main action of the hypaxial muscles is to flex the vertebral column (think "crunches")

What is the main action of the **epaxial** muscles?

The main action of the epaxial muscles are is extend the vertebral column (arch the back)

Which muscle is regarded as the **major flexor of the hip**

**Iliopsoas m.**

What is the name of the muscle highlighted in red in the canine pelvic limb?

**Semitendinosus m.**

What is the name of the muscle highlighted in red in the canine pelvic limb?

Gastrocnemius m.

What is the name of the muscle highlighted in red in the canine pelvic limb?

Cranial Tibial m.

What is the name of the muscle highlighted in red in the canine pelvic limb?

Long Digital Extensor m.

What is the name of the muscle highlighted in red in the canine pelvic limb?

Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus m.

Which joint is the #1 arrow pointing to?

The tarsocrural joint

Which joint is the #2 arrow pointing to?

The proximal intertarsal joint

Which joint is the #3 arrow pointing to?

The distal intertarsal joint

Which joint is the #4 arrow pointing to?

Tarsometatarsal joint

Which muscle is the #1 arrow pointing to?

External abdominal oblique m.

Which muscle is the #2 arrow pointing to?

External intercostal mm.

Which muscle is the #3 arrow pointing to?

Rectus abdominis m.

Which muscle is the #4 arrow pointing to?

Internal intercostal mm.

Which muscle is the #5 arrow pointing to?

Rectus thoracis

Which muscle is the #6 arrow pointing to?

Scalenus m.

What is the name of the muscle highlighted in red?

Rectus abdominis

Which muscle is the #1 arrow pointing to?

Rectus abdominis

Which muscle is the #2 arrow pointing to?

Eternal intercostal mm.

Which muscle is the #3 arrow pointing to?

Transversus abdominis

Which muscle is the #4 arrow pointing to?

Scalenus

Which muscle is the #5 arrow pointing to?

Splenius m.

Which muscle is the #6 arrow pointing to?

Serratus Dorsalis Cranialis m.

Which muscle is the #7 arrow pointing to?

Longissimus Thoracis m.

In the canine pelvic limb, the muscle most equivalent to the common digital extensor, in function and location, is the:

Long Digital Extensor m.

Fabellae are sesamoids in the tendons of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Gastrocnemius

What structure occurs in the region of the equine femoral triangle that is not located in the region of the canine fermoral triangle?

Proximal femoral lymph node

The anatomical name for the laterally projecting bony prominence, located cranial to the hip joint of the horse is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Tuber coxae

This lymphatic structure drains the ventral pelvis, medial thigh/stifle/crus, and the popliteal lymph node

**The Superficial Inguinal Lymph Node**

Which lymphatic vessel in the canine is the red arrow pointing to?

Superficial Inguinal Lymph Node

Which lymphatic vessel in the canine is the red arrow pointing to?

Popliteal lymph node

In the **feline**, which lymphatic vessel drains the popliteal lymph node?

Gluteal lymph node

Which lymphatic vessel in the feline is the red arrow pointing to?

Gluteal lymph node

Which lymphatic vessel in the feline is the red arrow pointing to?

The popliteal lymph node

Which lymphatic vessel(s) in the feline are the red arrows pointing to?

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Identify the **Biceps Femoris muscle** in this transverse section of the left thight (canine):

Identify the **Semitendinosus muscle** in this transverse section of the left thight (canine):

Identify the Semimembranosus muscle in this transverse section of the left thight (canine):

Which muscle, seen in the **feline pelvic limb**, arises from the first three caudal vertebrae and inserts on the fascia cranial to the biceps femoris muscle? What is its action?

The Gluteofemoris m. (which is not seen in the canine) **_ab_**ducts the thigh and extends the hip joint

Which tendons make up the common calcanean tendon in the canine?

1. Biceps Femoris 2. Semitendinosus 3. Gracilis 4. Superficial Digital Flexor 5. Gastrocnemius

Which tendon is torn in this canine pelvic limb?

The gastrocnemius tendon is torn

In this transverse section of the canine left crus, what muscle is indicated by the red oval?

The cranial tibial muscle

In this transverse section of the canine left crus, what muscle is indicated by the red oval?

The Long Digital Extensor m.

In this transverse section of the canine left crus, what muscle is indicated by the red oval?

The fibularis (or peroneus) longus m.

In this transverse section of the canine left crus, what muscle is indicated by the red oval?

Lateral Digital Extensor m.

In this transverse section of the canine left crus, what muscle is indicated by the red oval?

Deep Digital Flexor

In this transverse section of the canine left crus, what muscle is indicated by the red oval?

Superficial Digital Flexor

Cruciate ligaments in the canine stifle are named based on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Cruciate ligaments in the canine stifle are named based on **where they attach on the tibia**

In the canine stifle, do we more often see collateral ligament rupture occur in the **medial or lateral** collateral ligament?

We will more often see collateral ligament rupture of the **medial** **collateral ligament** in the canine stifle. On the lateral side there is a lot more supporting the joint

What is the #1 site for osteochondrosis in the horse?

The distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT)

In the equine, ___________ is a condition where there is osteoarthritis or osteitis of the hock joint leading to lameness.

Bone spavin

What is the most cranial muscle in the equine crus?

Long Digital Extensor m.

What is the name for the medial branch of the cranial tibial muscle in the equine?

Cunean tendon

Identify the structures labeled a, b, and c in this diagram of an equine crus:

* a) Proximal extensor retinaculum * b) Middle extensor retinaculum * c) Distal extensor retinaculum

Inflammation of the subcutaneous calcaneal bursa/ intertendinous calcaneal bursa in the equine is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Inflammation of the subcutaneous calcaneal bursa/ intertendinous calcaneal bursa in the equine is referred to as **capped hock**

In the equine, **which ligament** runs along on plantar surface of the hock and functions to counteract the force generated by the calcaneal tendon?

The long plantar ligament runs along on plantar surface of the hock. This ligament functions to counteract the force generated by the calcaneal tendon.