Final Exam - Qs from Objectives Flashcards
The _________________ lies opposite to the larynx, ventrolateral to the carotid sheath.
The medial retropharyngeal lymph node lies opposite to the larynx, ventrolateral to the carotid sheath.
What are the structures contained within each carotid sheath?
- common carotid artery
- vagosympathetic nerve trunk
- internal jugular vein
- tracheal lymphatic trunk
The carotid sheath is between the __________ dorsally and the __________ ventrally.
The carotid sheath is between the omotransversarious dorsally and the sternothyroideus ventrally.
The first cervical spinal nerve passes through ________________
The first cervical spinal nerve passes through the lateral vertebral foramen of the atlas
The Great Auricular Nerve extends toward the _____________
ear
The phrenic nerves supply the ___________
The phrenic nerves supply the diaphragm
__________ is the space between the thoracic limb and the thoracic wall
Axilla
The first three dorsal intercostal arteries come from a branch of the _______________
The first three dorsal intercostal arteries come from a branch of the costocervical trunk
The External Jugular Vein on the side of the neck is formed by which two veins?
linguofacial and maxillary veins
The _______________ is supplied by the fourth, fifth, and sixth ventral and lateral cutaneous vessels and nerves and by branches of the lateral thoracic vessels.
The cranial thoracic mamma is supplied by the fourth, fifth, and sixth ventral and lateral cutaneous vessels and nerves and by branches of the lateral thoracic vessels.
The lateral thoracic artery, vein, and nerve emerge from the axilla between the __________ and __________ muscles
The lateral thoracic artery, vein, and nerve emerge from the axilla between the _latissimus _dorsi and deep pectoral muscles
Explain why there are 8 cervical spinal nerves, but only 7 cervical vertebrae.
The first cervical spinal nerve passes through the lateral vertebral foramen of the atlas.
The remaining nerves pass through succeeding intervertebral foramen between the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic vertebrae.
The __________ covers the cranial surface of the diaphragm.
diaphragmatic pleura
__________ is the fibroserous covering of the heart
Pericardium is the fibroserous covering of the heart
The heart and pericardium are located in the middle part of the mediastinum from the level of the ___ to the ___ rib.
The heart and pericardium are located in the middle part of the mediastinum from the level of the 3rd to the 6th rib.
__________ is a loose fold of pleura surrounding the caudal vena cava
Plica Vena Cavae is a loose fold of pleura surrounding the caudal vena cava
The trachea bifurcates into left and right __________
The trachea bifurcates into left and right principal bronchi
The _________ is the partition between the principle bronchii at their origin from the trachea
The carina is the partition between the principle bronchii at their origin from the trachea
The puncta maxima for the pulmonic valve of the heart is at the __________.
The puncta maxima for the pulmonic valve of the heart is at the left side 3rd rib space.
The puncta maxima for the aortic valve of the heart is at the __________
The puncta maxima for the aortic valve of the heart is at the left side 4th rib space
The puncta maxima for the left AV valve of the heart it as at the __________
The puncta maxima for the left AV valve of the heart it as at the left side 5th rib space
The puncta maxima for the right AV valve of the heart is at the __________.
The puncta maxima for the right AV valve of the heart is at the 4th rib space on the RIGHT side.
The __________ is located at the junction of the tendinous and muscular parts of the right side of the diaphragm
The caval foramen is located at the junction of the tendinous and muscular parts of the right side of the diaphragm
The __________ passes through the caval foramen.
caudal vena cava
What passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?
the aorta, the azygous vein, and the thoracic duct
The espohageal hiatus is in the muscular part of the __________ crus of the diaphragm
(right or left)
The espohageal hiatus is in the muscular part of the right crus of the diaphragm
What passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?
the esophagus, vagal nerve trunks, and esophageal vessels
The __________ is a bilobed, compressed structure situated in the cranial mediastinum
thymus
The cardiac notch of the right lung is located at the ___ and ___ intercostal spaces
The cardiac notch of the right lung is located at the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces
The surface of the heart facing the left thoracic wall is called the __________
The surface of the heart facing the left thoracic wall is called the auricular surface
The surface of the heart facing the right thoracic wall is called the __________
The surface of the heart facing the right thoracic wall is called the atrial surface
The __________ lies between the atria and ventricles and contains the coronary vessels and fat.
The coronary sulcus lies between the atria and ventricles and contains the coronary vessels and fat.
The _______________ are the superficial separations of the right and left ventricles.
The interventricular sulci are the superficial separations of the right and left ventricles.
The __________ is the outflow tract of the right ventricle of the heart
The conus arteriosus is the outflow tract of the right ventricle of the heart
Which sulcus on the heart contains the terminal branch of the left coronary artery?
subsinuosal interventricular sulcus
The ________ receives the blood from the systemic veins and most of the blood from the heart itself.
The right atrium receives the blood from the systemic veins and most of the blood from the heart itself.
The _________ diverts the inflowing blood from the two caval veins toward the right atrioventricular orifice
The intervenous tubercle diverts the inflowing blood from the two caval veins toward the right atrioventricular orifice
The internal surface of the wall of the right auricle is strengthened by interlacing muscular bands, known as the the __________
The internal surface of the wall of the right auricle is strengthened by interlacing muscular bands, known as the the pectinate muscles
The __________ is the smooth-surfaced, thick portion of heart muscle shaped like a semilunar crest at the entrance into the auricle
The crista terminalis is the smooth-surfaced, thick portion of heart muscle shaped like a semilunar crest at the entrance into the auricle
The __________ are the muscular irregularities of the interior of the ventricular walls.
The trabeculae carneae are the muscular irregularities of the interior of the ventricular walls.
The _______________ is a muscular strand that extends across the lumen of the ventricle from the septal to the parietal wall.
The trabecula septomarginalis is a muscular strand that extends across the lumen of the ventricle from the septal to the parietal wall.
The __________ is a fibrous connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta just caudal to the left subclavian artery
The ligamentum arteriosum is a fibrous connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta just caudal to the left subclavian artery
Which is larger: the left or right coronary artery?
the left coronary artery is about 2x as large as the right
The part of the greater omentum that attaches the spleen to the stomach is the __________
The part of the greater omentum that attaches the spleen to the stomach is the gastrosplenic ligament
The __________ is the most cranial extent of the dome-shaped diaphragm that bulges into the thorax
The cupula is the most cranial extent of the dome-shaped diaphragm that bulges into the thorax
The gallbladder is located in a fossa between the __________ and __________ lobes of the liver
The gallbladder is located in a fossa between the quadrate and right medial lobes of the liver
The main duct formed by the union of the hepatic ducts and the cystic duct from the gallbladder is the __________
bile duct (ductus choledochus)
The descending duodenum is located on the ______ side of the median plane
The descending duodenum is located on the right side of the median plane
The ascending duodenum is located on the _____ side of the root of the mesentery
The ascending duodenum is located on the left side of the root of the mesentery
The _________ is the longest portion of the small intestine
jejunum
The __________ is the terminal portion of the small intestine
ileum
The ____________ of the bladder leaves the ventral surface of the bladder and attaches on the abdominal wall as far cranial as the umbilicus.
The median ligament of the bladder leaves the ventral surface of the bladder and attaches on the abdominal wall as far cranial as the umbilicus.
The ______________ of the bladder passes to the pelvic wall and often contains an accumulation of fat along with the ureter and umbilical artery
The lateral ligament of the bladder passes to the pelvic wall and often contains an accumulation of fat along with the ureter and umbilical artery
The __________ is the dorsal triangular area located within lines connecting the ureteral openings into the bladder and the urethral exit from it.
The Trigone of the bladder is the dorsal triangular area located within lines connecting the ureteral openings into the bladder and the urethral exit from it.
The __________ is an elongated saccular reservoir receiving lymph from the lumbar and mesenteric lymphatic trunks
The cysterna chyli is an elongated saccular reservoir receiving lymph from the lumbar and mesenteric lymphatic trunks
The cardia of the equine stomach is located at a relatively fixed point: Where?
opposite the upper part of the 11th rib.
The transverse colon of the equine passes from _____ to _____ in front of the root of the mesentery
The transverse colon of the equine passes from right to left in front of the root of the mesentery
What are the 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach?
- Rumen
- Reticulum
- Omasum
- Abomasum
The first 3 are known as the forestomach
Which portion of the ruminant stomach is comparable in structure & function to the stomach of most other species?
the abomasum
If you enter the left paralumbar fossa of a ruminant, which organ would you see?
caudal dorsal blind sac
(The upper part of the flank is dished, forming the paralumbar fossa beside the loins)
The entrance to the cavity of the omental bursa, located between the caudal vena cava & portal vein ventrally is the ____________
epiploic foramen
The ___________ of the equine cecum is continuous from apex to base of the cecum and is associated with the ileocecal fold
dorsal band
The __________ of the equine cecum is associated with the cecocolic fold
The lateral band of the equine cecum is associated with the cecocolic fold
In an OHE, this ligament is freed from its attachment to the body wall to facilitate removal of the ovary.
suspensory ligament of the ovary
The __________ is the peritoneum that attaches the uterine tube to the mesovarium the wall of the ovarian bursa
mesosalpinx
The __________ is the cranial part of the broad ligament of the uterus
mesovarium
The median ligament of the bladder leaves the ventral surface of the bladder and attaches to the abdominal wall as far cranial as the __________
The median ligament of the bladder leaves the ventral surface of the bladder and attaches to the abdominal wall as far cranial as the umbilicus
The __________ is a continuation of the rectum to the anus
The anal canal is a continuation of the rectum to the anus
The __________ is the only branch of the external iliac artery and arises inside the abdomen near the vasculature lacuna and courses caudally
deep femoral artery
The uterine cervix & cranial portion of the vagina are located, within the pelvic cavity, between the:
Rectum and urethra
What is the name of the erectile tissue of the canine penis that is covered by the tunica albuginea?
corpus cavernosum
How many bands are found on the equine cecum?
4
What do you grab on to during a spay to move the intestinal contents out of the way to get to the right ovary?
descending duodenum
The lacertus fibrosis in the equine thoracic limb extends off of the biceps brachii m. and continues with the __________ to keep the carpus in extension.
extensor carpi radialis m.
What structures are involved when male and female dogs “tie”?
bulb of the glands penis
&
vestibular bulb of the female
What empties at the major duodenal papillae in the canine?
common bile duct and pancreatic duct
The ___________ extends from the tail of the epididymis to the testicle and into the inguinal canal and ends in the scrotum
The gubernaculum extends from the tail of the epididymis to the testicle and into the inguinal canal and ends in the scrotum
The gubernaculum becomes the _______________ and the _______________
The gubernaculum becomes the
proper ligament of the testicle
and the
ligament of the tail of the epididymis
The spermatic fascia surrounds the __________ and __________ in the canine male.
vaginal process and cremaster m.
Describe the difference between an open vs. closed technique of orchiectomy
Closed: Leaves peritoneal cavity closed
Open: Opens peritoneal cavity (incises the parietal vaginal tunic, which opens the outside to the cavity of the scrotum and therefore the abdominal cavity)
__________ carries sperm from epididymis to pelvic urethra
ductus deferens
__________: testosterone responsive tissue on glans penis of feline male
Cornified spines (barbs): testosterone responsive tissue on glans penis of feline male
Cornified spines on the feline male penis may be present for approximately how long post orchiectomy?
Cornified spines on the feline male penis may be present for approximately 30 days post orchiectomy?
Apposition of fetal and maternal tissues occurs in clumps (microcotyledons) over the majority of the surface of the chorion.
Classify the type of placenta.
Seen in which animals?
Diffuse Placenta
Horses & Pigs
Apposition of fetal and maternal tissues
occurs in separate, scattered patches called
placentomes
Classify the type of placenta.
Seen in which animals?
Cotyledonary Placenta
Ruminants
A band of chorion encircles the trunk of the
embryo.
Classify the type of placenta.
Seen in which animals?
Zonary Placenta
Carnivores
Which two paired veins drain blood from most of the intercostal spaces (one dorsally and one ventrally)?
Internal thoracic veins
What is significant about the equine lung?
Very little connective tissue in it. “undivided” lung tissue. Very large and simple structure without much lobe separation.
what is the serous membrane that is fused on the visceral organs?
visceral peritoneum
Which is more cranial: right or left kidney?
right kidney is more cranial than left kidney
The umbilical vein in the fetus becomes the _______________
The umbilical vein in the fetus becomes the
round ligament of the liver
The umbilical artery in the fetus becomes the _______________
The umbilical artery in the fetus becomes the
round ligament of the bladder
The ductus arteriosus in the fetus becomes the ________________
The ductus arteriosus in the fetus becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
The foramen ovale in the fetus becomes the _______________
The foramen ovale in the fetus becomes the
fossa ovale
What are the two muscles that make up the pelvic diaphragm?
Levator ani m.
Coccygeus m.
ID the soft tissue structure that demarcates the vestibule from the vagina
External urethral orifice
ID the soft tissue structure that functions to hold the ovary in a relatively fixed position, attaching them to the last rib
suspensory ligament of the ovary
What is the soft tissue layer that is directly superficial to the testis?
Tunica albuginea
What is the erectile tissue that directly surrounds the urethra in the male dog?
Corpus spongiosum
Rectally palpating a bitch adult Lab retriever, you notice a mass ventrally. ID which space this mass could potentially be occupying:
Rectogenital pouch
What are the borders of the femoral triangle?
Proximal border - inguinal ligament
Cranial border - Caudal part of Sartorius m.
Caudal border - Pectineus m.
In the equine, breakdown of the peroneus tertious would allow _______ of the stifle and _______ of the hock
In the equine, breakdown of the peroneus tertious would allow flexion of the stifle and extension of the hock
In the equine, breakdown of the superficial digital flexor would allow _________ of the stifle and _________ of the hock
In the equine, breakdown of the superficial digital flexor would allow extension of the stifle and flexion of the hock
Sympathetic Nervous System:
characterized by _____ preganglionic fibers and _____ postganglionic fibers
(short, long)
Sympathetic Nervous System:
characterized by short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers
(Way to Remember: If somebody is having a bad day, you would be sympathetic and would write them a LONG POST to make them feel better)
Parasympathetic Nervous System:
characterized by _____ preganglionic fibers and _____ postganglionic fibers
(short, long)
Parasympathetic Nervous System:
characterized by long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers
