Groover--Equine Resp Dz

Question 1

Primary indication for TTW?

Answer 1

diffuse or focal LOWER airway disease

Question 2

Most common G+ aerobic bacteria causing respiratory disease in horses

Answer 2

Streptococcus equi v. zooepidemicus (commensal)

Question 3

Most common G- aerobic bacteria causing respiratory disease in horses (3)

Answer 3

Klebsiella spp.
E. coli
Pasteurella

Question 4

Most common anaerobic bacteria causing respiratory disease in horses

Answer 4

Bacteroides
Prevotella

both are G-

Question 5

When performing a blind BAL, where does the tube usually end up?

Answer 5

R dorsal lung field

Question 6

Best diagnostic test to get a positive bacterial culture in horses with pleuropneumonia

Answer 6

TTW

Question 7

Heaves is a clinical sign commonly associated with? (2 things)

Answer 7

Airway inflammation

bronchoconstriction

Question 8

This disease is typical in young performance horses and clinical signs will NOT be evident when the horse is resting

Answer 8

Inflammatory airway disease (IAD)

Question 9

An expected endoscopy finding in horses with IAD?

Answer 9

airway mucus present following exercise

Question 10

Top 2 diagnostics tests used to confirm IAD?

Answer 10

BAL

Pulmonary function testing (PFT)

Question 11

This disease in common in older horses and re-occurs frequently, typically in a seasonal manner; owner may note husbandry changes (i.e. horse is being stabled more often)

Answer 11

RAO

Question 12

3 main clinical signs seen with RAO

Answer 12

Respiratory difficulty
End expiratory wheezes
cough

Signs can be present at rest!

Question 13

RAO is considered to be ________-________ airway obstruction

Answer 13

allergen-induced

*Type I or III hypersensitivity

Question 14

2 best ways to diagnose RAO

Answer 14

BAL (best)
Empircal therapy (response to tx)

Question 15

3 main goals when treating airway inflammation (IAD or RAO)

Answer 15

1) environmental management
2) stopping/preventing inflammation
3) relieve bronchoconstriction

Question 16

Two pharmacological approaches to bronchoconstriction

Answer 16

Corticoteroids (usually Dexamethasone)

Bronchodilators

Question 17

This disease is most common in horses that train in high intensity speed work; they show poor performance and respiratory signs

Answer 17

Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)

Question 18

How to DEFINITVELY diagnose EIPH

Answer 18

demonstrate blood in lower airways via:
endoscopy or
BAL/TTW

best to do shortly after exercise

Question 19

Describe the pathophysiology steps of bacterial pneumonia in horses (5)

Answer 19

1) compromise of normal resp. defenses
2) colonization by opportunistic bacteria
3) bacteria multiply
4) pulmonary parenchyma becomes inflamed
5) pulmonary parenchyma and endothelium are destroyed

Question 20

3 common causes of respiratory compromise in horses

Answer 20

stress of transport/training

Viral infection (Influenza & EHV-1&4)

aspiration

Question 21

2 complications associated with bacterial pneumonia

Answer 21

Laminitis (most common!!)

Endotoxemia

Question 22

4 risk factors for pleuropneumonia

Answer 22

comingling with transient population

frequent transport over long distances with head tied/elevated

strenuous exercise

poor ventilation (stables or trailer)

Question 23

Pleurodynia and absent ventral lung sounds are indicative of?

Answer 23

Pleuropneumonia

Question 24

What type of bacteria is Rhodococcus equi?

Answer 24

Gram + pleomorphic rod

falcultative intracellular

Question 25

This is a common cause of pneumonia in foals 1-6 months of age; how do they get infected?

Answer 25

Rhodococcus equi;

inhalation

Question 26

The virulence of R. equi is attributed to?

Answer 26

VAP-A (plasmid)

no pyogranulomatous disease w/o this plasmid

Question 27

How to definitively diagnose R. equi in a foal?

Answer 27

bacterial culture of TTW

PCR on TTW fluid to find VAP-A plasmid

Question 28

When treating R. equi:

1) what characteristics do you want your antimicrobial to have
2) what is the gold standard
3) Groover’s top choice

Answer 28

1) high Vd & G+ spectrum
2) Macrolide paired with rifampin
3) Clarithromycin/rifampin

Question 29

Two common parasites associated with pneumonia in horses

Answer 29

Parascaris equorum (young or debilitated)

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (donkeys)

Question 30

How is strangles primarily transmitted

Answer 30

direct contact–nasal secretions or fomites

can survive for a while in the environment

Question 31

3 virulence factors of Step. equi spp. equi

Answer 31

Hyaluronic acid capsule

M-like protein (SeM)

Leukocidal toxin

Question 32

3 clinical signs that are indicative of strangles

Answer 32

fever
mucopurulent nasal discharge
acute swelling of throatlatch area & abscess formation

Question 33

2 ways to diagnose strangles

Answer 33

1) culture of resp secretions

2) PCR for SeM in respiratory secretions

Question 34

When preventing strangles, which type of vaccine is the best choice?

Who should not get the vaccine?

Answer 34

Attenuated live (MLV)

don’t give it horses that have strangles or those that have been exposed

Question 35

Where in the guttural pouch do fungi usually infect?

Answer 35

roof of the medial compartment (where ICA is)

Question 36

Most common isolate with GP mycosis?

Answer 36

Aspergillus spp.

Question 37

Two most common clinical signs associated with GP mycosis?

Answer 37

Epistaxis
dysphagia (CNN deficit)

Question 38

How to definitvely diagnose GP mycosis?

Answer 38

endoscopy of GPs (see fungal plaques)