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Respiratory > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 practical divisions of the respiratory system?

A

conductive & transitional system
gas exchange system
vascular system

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2
Q

Two blood supplies of the lung and their functions?

A

1) bronchial circulation (supports lung)

2) pulmonary circulation (participates in gas exchange.. unoxygenated)

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3
Q

Surfactant production requires?

A

oxygen

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4
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of particle deposition use by the lung’s innate immune system?

A

impaction
sedimentation
diffusion

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5
Q

What are the benefits of secretory IgA?

A

It can bind antigens to prevent them from adhering to epithelium & it doesn’t stimulate complement (less inflammatory response)

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6
Q

A congenital defect in the microtubules that affects ciliary function, causing them to be non-motile

A

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

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7
Q

Give 4 differentials for epistaxis in a horse

A

1) Iatrogenic (NG intubation)
2) ethmoid hematoma
3) guttural pouch mycosis (erosion of int. carotid)
4) exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

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8
Q

What structure must be present for re-epithelization to occur

A

basement membrane

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9
Q

Of the types of rhinitis, which is slowest to resolve and often becomes chronic?

A

Granulomatous

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10
Q

Give 2 common causes of acute rhinitis

A

Infection (viral)

Allergic (Type 1)

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11
Q

Describe how a viral infection leads to rhinitis

A

Virus causes necrosis of surface epithelium, leading to exudation of fluid and mucus into the lumen
edema builds in submucosa, causing a partial blockage of the nasal passages

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12
Q

2 major consequences of chronic rhinitis

A

goblet cell hyperplasia

squamous metaplasia

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13
Q

Irregular, swollen polypoid mucosa that can develop secondary to chronic rhinitis

A

Nasal polyps (can obstruct airways)

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14
Q

A unique cause of sinusitus in ruminants

A

Dehorning (injury to frontal sinus)

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15
Q

BHV-1 causes what disease in cattle?

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

red nose

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16
Q

When fibrin is deposited over a necrotic mucosa, it’s referred to as

A

diphtheritic membrane

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17
Q

This disease leads to hypoplasia and/or atrophy of the nasal turbinate bones

A

Atrophic rhinitis

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18
Q

Two forms of Atrophic rhinitis and causative agent of each?

A

1) non-progressive (NPAR); caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica
2) Progressive (PAR); caued by Pasteurella multocida (can also be in combination with B. bronchiseptica)

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19
Q

What clinical sign can be present with PAR but not NPAR

A

epistaxis

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20
Q

Name 4 infectious agents that cause upper respiratory tract infections in horses

A

1) EHV-1 & EHV-4
2) Eq Adenovirus
3) Eq Rhinovirs
4) Eq influenza

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21
Q

Disease caused by EHV-1 and EHV-4?

A

Equine viral rhinopneumonitis (EVR)

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22
Q

Causative agent of equine stangles?

A

Streptococcus equi spp. equi

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23
Q

Acute upper respiratory tract obstruction, rhinits, lymphadenitis are all associated with what equine disease?

A

Strangles

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24
Q

2 ways Streptococcus equi avoids phagocytosis?

A

1) hyaluronic acid capsule

2) produces phagocytic protein (SeM)

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25
Q

3 potential outcomes of strangles extending into the guttural pouch?

A

1) laryngeal hemiplegia
2) dysphagia
3) horner’s syndrome

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26
Q

Disease caused by feline herpsevirus-1?

A

Feline viral rhinotracheitis

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27
Q

This feline virus has a high affinity for the oral cavity and causes ulceration of the tongue and palate

A

Feline calicivirus

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28
Q

B. bronchiseptica can be rapidly fatal in kittens due to the development of?

A

Acute bronchopneumonia

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29
Q

An obligate intracellular anaerobe that’s part of the feline upper respiratory disease complex

A

Chlamydophila felis

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30
Q

This yeast-like organism commonly infects cats and causes facial swelling and gelatinous exudate

A

Crytptococcus neoformans

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31
Q

The most common etiologic agent involved in canine fungal rhinitis?

A

Aspergillus spp.

opportunistic

32
Q

Common site for nasal neoplasms in:

1) dogs
2) cats
3) horses
4) sheep and goats

A

1) nasal passages
2) nasal vestibule
3) maxillary sinus
4) ethmoid

33
Q

Sneezing, nasal discharge, and unilateral epistaxis are indicative of?

A

Nasal neoplasm

34
Q

T/F: Most nasal neoplasms are malignant, locally invasive, and have a LOW metastatic potential

A

TRUE

35
Q

Name 3 lesions present with brachycephalic syndrome

A

1) elongated soft palate
2) stenotic nares
3) everted laryngeal saccules

36
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of tracheal hypoplasia

A

tracheal rings for a closed ring (instead of C-shaped); causes a decrease in diameter throughout the trachea

37
Q

Describe the pathophys behind collapsing trachea

A

Cartilage rings lack chondroitin sulfate and glycosaminoglycan–>decreased water binding–>floppy rings

38
Q

Two ways obesity complicates collapsing trachea

A

1) decreases chest compliance

2) decreases diaphragm movement

39
Q

Two causes of laryngeal edema?

A

1) acute inflammation

2) forced respiration

40
Q

Unsanitary condition, pharyngeal trauma, and viral infection can all be associated with which disease in cattle?

A

Necrotic laryngitis (Calf diphtheria)

41
Q

causative agent of Necrotic laryngitis (Calf diphtheria)

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

42
Q

Most common cause of guttural pouch empyema?

A

Streptococcus equi (strangles)

43
Q

Define:

1) obstructive pulmonary disease

2) Restrictive pulmonary disease

A

1) increased resistance to airflow caused by airway obstruction
2) diseases that limit lung inflation (parenchyma or thorax problem)

44
Q

3 forms of acquired atelectasis

A

Compressive
Obstructive
Hypostatic

45
Q

Cause of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome? (barker foals)

A

inadequate pulmonary surfactant production

46
Q

Usual distribution of obstructive atelectasis?

A

lobular

47
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of hypostatic atelectasis

Distribution?

A

shallow respiration leads to reduction of O2 in alveolus–>decreases function of type II pneumocytes–>decreased surfactant production

Unilateral

48
Q

Emphysema develops as a result of?

A

airway obstruction that inhibits OUTFLOW of air

49
Q

Two forms of secondary emphysema

A

1) alveolar

2) interstitial

50
Q

3 causes of hemodynamic pulmonary edema

A

1) increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2) decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
3) lymphatic obstruction

51
Q

What causes permeability pulmonary edema?

A

increased capillary permeability (either inflammatory or cell damage)

52
Q

Important product of Clara cells and it’s function?

A

CC10

inhibits phospholipase A2

53
Q

Define:

Bronchiectasis

A

permanent dilation of a bronchus

54
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Bronchiectasis

A

consequence of chronic bronchitis:

exudates accumulate in bronchi, causing proteolytic enzyme release; that weakens bronchial smooth muscle and cartilage

55
Q

Which type(s) of hypersensitivity play a role in recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)?

A

Type 1 & Type 2

56
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of feline asthma

A

allergen binds IgE on mast cells in airways–>releases mediators–>bronchial smooth muscle contraction & hypersecretion of mucus

Type 1 hypersensitivity

57
Q

Inflammation of the pulmonary gas exchange system

A

pneumonia

58
Q

inflammation of the lung

A

pneumonitis

59
Q

4 ways to classify pneumonia?

A

exudate
location
cause
route of infection

60
Q

The most common pneumonia seen in animals

A

Lobular bronchopneumonia

61
Q

Pneumonia that presents as inflammation of the alveolar walls

A

Interstitial pneumonia

62
Q

Initial inflammation is centered where in bronchopneumonia?

A

brochiolar-alveolar junction

63
Q

Though they both share cranioventral distribution, Suppurative bronchopneumonia affects _______ while fibrinous bronchopneumonia affects _______

A

suppurative–individual LOBULES

fibrinous–entire LOBES

64
Q

Comparing fibrinous and suppurative bronchopneumonias, which is more lethal?

A

Fibrinous (causes more severe lung injury)

65
Q

Most common cause of interstitial pneumonia (think general)

A

Viruses

NOT BACTERIA

66
Q

Routes of exposure for interstitial pneumonia?

A

aerogenous or hematogenous

Broncho is just aerogenous

67
Q

Distribution of interstitial pneumonia?

A

Diffuse

68
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)

A

Endotoxin causes macrophage secretion of cytokines (TNF-a)

TNF-a primes neutrophils and causes them to release their enzyme and radicals while in the vessel

causes diffuse alveolar endothelial damage–>edema and fibrin fill alveolus

69
Q

This pneumonia is characterized by abscess formation in all areas of the lung due to traveling boluses of bacteria

A

Embolic pneumonia

Hematogenous exposure

70
Q

This type of pnuemonia is associated with hard to kill organisms and has a focal/multifocal distribution

A

Granulomatous pneumonia

TYPE IV Hypersensitivity

71
Q

How does eq influenza virus leave the host susceptible to bacterial infection?

A

causes loss of cells and clumping of cilia, decreasing mucociliary clearance

72
Q

Infections with canine distemper virus are commonly followed by infection with which bacteria?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

73
Q

In dogs other than greyhounds, what is the outcome of influenza

A

interstitial pneumonia

Greyhounds–>hemorrhagic pneumonia

74
Q

Which form of FIP is associated with high Ab titers?

A

Wet form

75
Q

A horse that accidentally inhales mineral oil will likely get?

A

Lipid pneumonia (exogenous)

76
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema

A

cows are suddenly transferred to lush, green pasture

grass contains L-tryptophan which is metabolized to 3-methylindole in the rumen

gas is eructated and inhaled

Clara cells used CYP450 to process the gas and create toxic metabolites

leads to damage of the alveolar wall & its components

Respiratory (7 decks)

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