Equine Resp. Sx

Question 1

The limiting factor in a horse’s exercise capacity?

Answer 1

Upper airway

Question 2

A cyst located in the dorsolateral aspect of the nasal diverticulum of young horses

2 treatment options

Answer 2

Epidermal inclusion cyst (Atheroma)

surgical removal
10% formalin injection

Question 3

A congenital deforming that causes incongruity of nostrils and nasal septum; prognosis?

Answer 3

Wry nose

poor (sx is difficult & repair may breakdown)

Question 4

Noise and airway obstruction resulting from excess tissue collapsing into the nostril during exercise

Answer 4

Redundant alar folds

Question 5

A 10yr old horse presents for respiratory noise & intermittent, chronic, unilateral epistaxis; endoscopy reveals a smooth, well encapsulated mass; top ddx?

Answer 5

Ethmoid hematoma

*10yr= avg age @ presentation

Question 6

Tx options for ethmoid hematoma if:

1) only nasal involvement
2) sinus involvement

Answer 6

1) laser resection or 10% formalin injection

2) sinusotomy

Question 7

How do primary and secondary sinusitis differ?

Answer 7

Primary–related to respiratory disease

Secondary–usually dental disease (or fracture, neoplasia, etc.)

Question 8

When dealing with sinusitis, it’s important to rule out involvement of?

Answer 8

ventral conchal sinus

Question 9

Most common nasal neoplasia of horses?

Answer 9

SCC

Question 10

3 surgical approaches used for surgery of the paranasal sinuses

Answer 10

trephination
bone flaps
sinoscopy

Question 11

Two important structures to avoid with frontonasal bone flaps

Answer 11

nasolacrimal duct

infraorbital nerve & canal

Question 12

A congenital defect caused by failure of the bucconasal membrane to resorb during embryonic development

Answer 12

Choanal atresia

Question 13

This is a disease more commonly seen in aged mares kept on pasture in hot climates; causes expiratory noise and exercise intolerance

Answer 13

Nasopharyngeal cicatrix
(abnormal web of tissue reducing nasal passage diameter)

Question 14

A disease common in young racehorses that usually associated with viral infection or allergens; clinical signs include URT noise and coughing after exercise

Answer 14

Pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia

Question 15

Two forms of DDSP (dorsal displacement of soft palate)

Answer 15

intermittent (dynamic)

Persistent (present @ rest)

Question 16

Gold standard for diagnosis of DDSP (3 things)

Answer 16

history
PE
dynamic endoscopy

Question 17

5 surgical approaches for management of DDSP

Answer 17

Palatoplasty
Staphylectomy
Standard Myectomy
Minimally invasive myectomy
Laryngeal tie-forward (highest success rate)

Question 18

A minimally invasive myectomy (Llewellyn procedure) involves which muscle?

Answer 18

Sternothryohyoideus

Question 19

Epiglottic retroversion indicates dysfunction of which muscle?

Answer 19

Hypoepiglottis (should keep the epiglottis ventral)

Question 20

Principle muscle for adduction and abduction of the arytenoid

Answer 20

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

Question 21

3 negative sequelae of being unable to fully abduct arytenoids

Answer 21

reduced diameter of rima glottis (hypoxemia)

hypercaribia (CO2)

metabolic acidosis

Question 22

Describe ventriculectomy

Answer 22

removal of the mucosal lining of the laryngeal ventricle

increases the diameter of the rima glottis–doesn’t produce abduction of arytenoids

Question 23

Mucosal injury and subsequent cartilage inflammation that comprises the mobility of the arytenoid cartilages

Answer 23

arytenoid chondropathy

Question 24

Which procedure is not recommended for correction of arytenoid chondropathy?

Answer 24

Prosthetic laryngoplasty (tie-back)

*can get infection assoc. with the sutures

Question 25

Which surgical approach to the guttural pouches is most commonly used? Two advantages of it?

Answer 25

Modified whitehouse

A:

1) can be done on standing horse
2) provides good drainage

Question 26

A progressive disease of the temporohyoid joint that usually occurs secondary to hematogenous spread of bacteria from an ear infection

Answer 26

Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO)

Question 27

A modified forssell procedure is used for what “disease”. What muscles are removed (3)?

Answer 27

For cribbing

removal of sternomandibularis, sternothyrohyoideus, and omohyoideus

Question 28

Each procedure allows the greatest access to which sinuses:

1) Maxillary bone flap
2) Frontonasal bone flap

Answer 28

1) rostral and caudal maxillary sinus

2) caudal maxillary and frontal sinuses

Question 29

With a laryngeal tie-forward, sutures are placed between what two structures (for DDSP)

The sutures replace the action of which muscle?

Answer 29

thyroid cartilage and basihyoid bone

Thyrohyoideus

Question 30

A prosthetic laryngoplasty (Tie-back) involves placing sutures between which two structures

Answer 30

muscular process of arytenoid cartilage & cricoid cartilage

Question 31

3 landmarks of Viborg’s triangle

Answer 31

1) tendon of sternocephalicus muscle
2) linguofacial vein
3) vertical ramus of mandible