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Intro to Diagnostic Imaging > Griffin Heart Stuff Important > Flashcards

Griffin Heart Stuff Important Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal range for the vertebral heart score?

A

8.5-10.5

cats 7.5

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2
Q

What fraction should the right side of the heart occupy? Left?

A

right: 2/3
left: 1/3

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3
Q

What does a left atrial enlargement look like?

A

backpacking, straightening of caudal-dorsal cardiac waist

push trachea upwards

“cowboy sign” - splaying of bronchi

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4
Q

What valve can left atrial enlargement be due to?

A

mitral valve

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5
Q

What does a left ventricular enlargement look like?

A

enlarged left ventricle

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6
Q

What valve could be affected with left ventricular enlargement?

A

aortic valve

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7
Q

What does a right atrial enlargement look like?

A

more than 2/3, bulge at 9-11 o’clock

right auricle can become enlarged

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8
Q

What is the problem here?

A

left atrial enlargement

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9
Q

What is the problem here?

A

right atrial enlargement

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10
Q

What is the problem here?

A

left ventricular enlargement

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11
Q

What does a right ventricular enlargement look like?

A

hypertrophy

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12
Q

What are some differentials for right ventricular enlargement?

A

heartworm disease

pulmonic stenosis

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13
Q

What kind of pattern does aspiration pneumonia have in both dogs and cats?

A

ventral alveolar pattern often cranial to mid thorax

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14
Q

What is the problem here?

A

right ventricular enlargement

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15
Q

What are some symptoms of aspiration pneumonia?

A

vomiting, regurgitation, anesthesia/surgery

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16
Q

What kind of pattern does pulmonary edema have in cats and dogs?

A

dogs: CAUDO-DORSAL

cats: ventral

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17
Q

Differentiate between pulmonary edema and aspiration pneumonia

A

aspiration pneumonia: ventral pattern

pulmonary edema: cause-dorsal pattern in dogs

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18
Q

What are the types of pulmonary edema?

A

cardiogenic
non-cardiogenic

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19
Q

What kind of pulmonary pattern is cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

A

caudo-dorsal pattern

interstitial if early and alveolar if severe

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20
Q

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is normally secondary to _____

A

left-sided heart failure due to left atrial enlargement

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21
Q

Aspiration pneumonia or pulmonary edema?

A

aspiration pneumonia - ventral bronchograms

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22
Q

What happens morphologically in cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

A

cardiomegaly
LA dilation
pulmonary vein dilation `

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23
Q

What pulmonary pattern and diagnosis?

A

non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

caudo-dorsal pattern and lack of enlarged heart

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24
Q

What are some causes of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

A

drowning
neurologic
pancreatitis
severe allergic reaction
etc

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25
Q

What causes left-sided cardiac failure?

A

pulmonary venous congestion, pulmonary edema

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26
Q

What happens to the veins in left-sided cardiac failure?

A

large pulmonary vein compared to the artery

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27
Q

What happens in right-sided cardiac failure? It leads to _____

A

systemic venous congestion, blood backs up into the venous circulation

liver, spleen, retroperitoneal and pleural effusion

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28
Q

What signs on a radiograph do you look for for right-sided cardiac failure?

A

rounded liver borders

stomach pushed caudally and dorsally and is not parallel to ribs

tortuous vessels

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29
Q

Left or right sided cardiac failure?

A

left

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30
Q

Left or right-sided cardiac failure?

A

right

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31
Q

Who normally gets chronic degenerative valvular disease?

A

coughing middle-aged to old small breed dogs

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32
Q

What happens with chronic degenerative valvular disease?

A

back flow from LV into LA

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33
Q

What is Mitral Valve Insufficiency due to?

A

LA enlargement

34
Q

What can you see on a radiograph to point you toward Mitral Valve Insufficiency?

A

trachea gets pushed dorsally

35
Q

What causes Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A

mild to severe left atrium enlargement

apex often gets displaced rightward

valentine-shaped heart

36
Q

What are some signs of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A

mumurs
saddle thrombus
gallop rhythm

37
Q

What is this?

A

Feline Cardiogenic Edema

38
Q

What is this?

A

Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

39
Q

What is this?

A

Mitral Valve Insufficiency

40
Q

What are causes of small arteries and veins?

A

hypovolemia
shock
dehydration

41
Q

What is Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy caused by? What breeds?

A

myocardial dysfunction

giant breed dogs

42
Q

What are clinical signs of Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A

dyspnea
tachypnea

43
Q

How do you tell Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Pericardial Effusion apart?

A

Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy: does not have a curved caudo-dorsal border of the heart, heart can be differentiated from pericardium

Pericardial Effusion: can not differentiate borders of heart, curved caudo-dorsal border

44
Q

What happens with Heartworm Disease?

A

pulmonary arterial thickening
right-sided enlargement

main pulmonary artery enlargement

45
Q

What is Pericardial Effusion?

A

globoid, very sharp curved caudo-dorsal border on left

enlarged liver and spleen and ascites

46
Q

What is this?

A

right atrial hemangiosarcoma

47
Q

Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy or Pericardial Effusion?

A

Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy

48
Q

What are these? What should you worry about if they get more prominent?

A

pleural fissure lines

pleural effusion

49
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

thorax more opaque than usual; cardiac silhouette and diaphragm not visible, fluid gravitates

50
Q

What is atelectasis? What will you not see?

A

pleural disease, pneumothorax will not see blood vessels because the lung has retracted

51
Q

What is this?

A

pneumothorax

52
Q

What is this?

A

pleural effusion

53
Q

What is a pneumothorax? What can you not see?

A

heart can dorsally elevate if severe, gas between heart and sternum

  • No vessels visible in areas where lung lobe(s) retracted
54
Q

What can mimic pneumothorax?

A

overexposed images, microcardia, overinflated lungs, skin folds, deep-chested
dogs can mimic pneumothorax

55
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A

progressive volume of gas trapped in pleural space because lesion creates a one-way valve

  • Barrel-shaped chest from rib expansion
  • Flattening of the diaphragm
  • Mediastinal shift away from lesion side
56
Q

What is a mediastinal shift?

A

rightward or leftward displacement of the cardiac silhouette as seen on DV/VD view

57
Q

What is this?

A

tension pneumothorax

58
Q

What is a widening of the cranial mediastinum? What are some reasons for it?

A

normal is <2x the width of the thoracic vertebrae in a VD view

  • Can have fat in the mediastinum (right)
  • Mediastinal mass: lymphadenopathy
  • Bulldogs
59
Q

What is a pneumomediastinum?

A
59
Q

What is the primary cause of pneumomediastinum?

A

tracheal rupture/tear

60
Q

What is this?

A

sternal lymphadenopathy

61
Q

What is this?

A

enlarged cranial mediastinal lymph node

62
Q

What is Tracheobronchial (Perihilar) Lymphadenopathy?

A

bowing of the mainstem bronchi on the VD/DC, granulomatous disease

  • Carina is pushed down
63
Q

How do you differentiate Tracheobronchial (Perihilar) Lymphadenopathy and left atrial enlargement?

A

Tracheobronchial (Perihilar) Lymphadenopathy: carina is pushed down

64
Q

What is this?

A

megaesophagus

65
Q

What is this?

A

Persistent Right Aortic Arch

leftward deviation of the trachea, pathognomonic

66
Q

What is this?

A

esophageal foreign body

67
Q

How do you measure the trachea?

A

tracheal width at thoracic inlet / thoracic inlet width x 100%

68
Q

What is this?

A

tracheal collapse (due to chondromalacia)

69
Q

What is this?

A

tracheal hypoplasia

70
Q

What is this?

A

tracheal mass

71
Q

What can’t you see with a diaphragmatic hernia?

A

Can’t see part of the diaphragm or it has abnormal shape or symmetry

72
Q
A
73
Q

What do you see with a diaphragmatic hernia?

A

Mediastinal shift due to herniated structures in thorax

Abdominal organs in thorax or absent in abdomen

Pleural/Peritoneal effusion

74
Q

What is this?

A

diaphragmatic hernia

75
Q

What is this?

A

Peritoneo-Pericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia PPDH

Increased cardiac silhouette

Cardiac silhouette opacity non-uniform

76
Q

What is this?

A

heartworm disease

77
Q

What is this?

A

hiatal hernia

78
Q

This is a rib [fracture/tumor]

A

rib tumor

79
Q

This is a rib [fracture/tumor]

A

rib fracture

80
Q

Pulmonary or extrapleural mass - rib tumor?

A

pulmonary mass - has an acute angle

81
Q

Pulmonary or extrapleural mass - rib tumor?

A

extrapleural - has an obtuse angle

Intro to Diagnostic Imaging (8 decks)

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