gretel bergmann Flashcards
bergmann overview
aka margaret lambert, married bruno lambert
high jumper
never went to olympics, even after fleeing to US
- war broke out, not 1940 olympics
used as ploy to convince US that jewish german athletes would be allowed to compete
ibolya csak
hungary gold medalist for high jump, same height that gretel cleared in sham trial run
josef goebbels
propaganda minister, convinced hitler to invest in olympics
- spread image/nazi
hitler prev only valued sport for military training
nazi restrictions on jewish ppl
boycott businesses, education, sport participation
divided the US population
- boycott olympics vs its a domestic issue
US leaders wanted assurance that jewish athletes would participate/abide by olympic rules
jeremiah mahoney
AAU/amateur athletic union president
anti-nazi and thought gretel would never be allowed to compete
- boycott
avery brundage
AOC am org committee
domestic dispute, send athletes
took sham trip to germany where they assured jewish athletes would be allowed
why did germany want US to participate
couldn’t explain to citizens why USA wasn’t there
undermine hitler
made false pledges to uphold standards
george messersmith
US diplomat and general consul in berlin
- report to US and understand affairs in germany
- anti-nazi, germany asked him to be removed
promoted to US minister in austria
anti-brundage, thought AOC needed to make informed decisons
why was AOC/AAU cooperation necessary
AOC = funding, pick athletes
AAU = funding, signature to confirm amateur
1935 AAU convention
brundage went o IOC pres, got permission so AOC signature enough
brunage approached allied bodies w/in AAU who never voted before
- tipped the vote so AAU voted to send athletes
president franklin roosevelt
didn’t take a side bcs worried abt upcoming election
post WWII, germany paid reparations to other countries
- afraid would stop repaying US
- already in depression
ettlingen
sham training camp for german-jewish athletes
gretel attended
charles sherrill
US IOC member, wanted to inc narrative that jewish athletes would participate
rudi ball went to winter olympics
helene mayer berlin olympics
only one jewish parent so still german citizen
- gretel both parents, not citizen
henri baillet latour
IOC pres, allowed AOC signature
gretel and berlin
maintained potential eligibility until US embarked for germany
immediately told not participating
tokenism, since jewish athletes used for show and had restricted access
