green crime

Question 1

what does transgressive mean

Answer 1

looking at wider definitions of crime beyond breaking the law

Question 2

what does anthropocentric mean

Answer 2

harm to the environment from the perspective of humanity
-eg pollution damaging water supply which is expensive to fix

Question 3

what does ecocentric mean

Answer 3

harm to any aspect of the environment is harm to it all, so all environmental issues are green crimes regardless of whether or not they affect humanity

Question 4

how does globalisation link to green crime

Answer 4

-environmental crimes are global crimes, crime in one geographical area can have knock on effects in others

Question 5

why is green crime hard to police?

Answer 5

-an act can be done in one geographical area and not be considered a crime but have an effect on another area where it is
-also difficult to identify who is to blame

Question 6

what are the three definitions of green crime?

Answer 6

-traditional criminology
-transgressive criminology
-global and manufactured risk

Question 7

how does traditional criminology explain green crime?

Answer 7

-situ and emmons
-‘an unauthorised act or omission that violates the law of the state or nation’
-looks at patterns and causes
-doesnt consider global warming or acid rain as crimes since they dont break laws

Question 8

how does transgressive criminology explain green crime

Answer 8

-looks at the harm caused
-white - any action that harms the physical environment and or human/non-human animals within it, even if no law has been broken

Question 9

how does global and manufactured risk explain green crime

Answer 9

-beck - massive increase in technology creates new manufactured risks which can harm the environment
-eg greenhouse gasses released from manufacturing, leading to global warming

Question 10

who is the key thinker for types of green crime? what are the types?

Answer 10

-south
-primary green crime
-secondary green crime

Question 11

what is primary green crime

Answer 11

-causes a direct result of destruction/degradation of the worlds resources
-eg air pollution, deforestation, species decline, animal abuse, water pollution

Question 12

what is secondary green crime?

Answer 12

-crimes resulting from rules aimed at preventing/regulating environmental disasters
-eg state violence against environmental groups, hazardous waste and organised crime, environmental discrimination

Question 13

who are the victims of green crime

Answer 13

-wolf
-those is developing countries, the poor and ethnic minorities, due to an inability to move from hazardous areas

Question 14

who are the perpetrators of green crime

Answer 14

-wolf
-individuals
-businesses
-governments
-organised crime

Question 15

how do individuals cause green crime

Answer 15

-acts that may not have an immediate impact but add up to have large impacts eg littering

Question 16

how do businesses cause green crime

Answer 16

-large businesses are responsible for majority or air water and land pollution due to waste dumping and health and safety breaches

Question 17

how do governments cause green crime?

Answer 17

-santana - military and the biggest institutional polluter through unexploded bombs and lasting effects of toxic chemicals

Question 18

how does organised crime cause green crime

Answer 18

-eg contracts of waste disposal
-longstanding relationship with green crime through governments and industries

Question 19

evaluate green crime

Answer 19

-its difficult to study as there is no agreed definition
-difficult to assess impact as it could be long term
-much research is based on case studies
-can be accompanied by great value judgments due to lack of definitions