green crime Flashcards
what does transgressive mean
looking at wider definitions of crime beyond breaking the law
what does anthropocentric mean
harm to the environment from the perspective of humanity
-eg pollution damaging water supply which is expensive to fix
what does ecocentric mean
harm to any aspect of the environment is harm to it all, so all environmental issues are green crimes regardless of whether or not they affect humanity
how does globalisation link to green crime
-environmental crimes are global crimes, crime in one geographical area can have knock on effects in others
why is green crime hard to police?
-an act can be done in one geographical area and not be considered a crime but have an effect on another area where it is
-also difficult to identify who is to blame
what are the three definitions of green crime?
-traditional criminology
-transgressive criminology
-global and manufactured risk
how does traditional criminology explain green crime?
-situ and emmons
-‘an unauthorised act or omission that violates the law of the state or nation’
-looks at patterns and causes
-doesnt consider global warming or acid rain as crimes since they dont break laws
how does transgressive criminology explain green crime
-looks at the harm caused
-white - any action that harms the physical environment and or human/non-human animals within it, even if no law has been broken
how does global and manufactured risk explain green crime
-beck - massive increase in technology creates new manufactured risks which can harm the environment
-eg greenhouse gasses released from manufacturing, leading to global warming
who is the key thinker for types of green crime? what are the types?
-south
-primary green crime
-secondary green crime
what is primary green crime
-causes a direct result of destruction/degradation of the worlds resources
-eg air pollution, deforestation, species decline, animal abuse, water pollution
what is secondary green crime?
-crimes resulting from rules aimed at preventing/regulating environmental disasters
-eg state violence against environmental groups, hazardous waste and organised crime, environmental discrimination
who are the victims of green crime
-wolf
-those is developing countries, the poor and ethnic minorities, due to an inability to move from hazardous areas
who are the perpetrators of green crime
-wolf
-individuals
-businesses
-governments
-organised crime
how do individuals cause green crime
-acts that may not have an immediate impact but add up to have large impacts eg littering
how do businesses cause green crime
-large businesses are responsible for majority or air water and land pollution due to waste dumping and health and safety breaches
how do governments cause green crime?
-santana - military and the biggest institutional polluter through unexploded bombs and lasting effects of toxic chemicals
how does organised crime cause green crime
-eg contracts of waste disposal
-longstanding relationship with green crime through governments and industries
evaluate green crime
-its difficult to study as there is no agreed definition
-difficult to assess impact as it could be long term
-much research is based on case studies
-can be accompanied by great value judgments due to lack of definitions
