Green Algae & land plants (Chapter 30)

Question 1

Describe four ecosystem services provided by plants

Answer 1

Build soil
Release oxygen
Hold soils in place and water
Moderate climate

Question 2

. Since approximately 10,000 years ago, humans have been domesticating plants as sources of food. Describe the process of domestication and name the biological principle acting on the plant populations involved.

Answer 2

Active selection

Question 3

Compare green algae and land plants.

Answer 3

Similar: chloroplasts, thylakoids, cell walls sperm and peroxisomes, starch

Question 4

What are the major morphological differences between nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants and seed plants?

Answer 4

Bryophyte
Ferns do not make seeds
Angiosperms

Question 5

With respect to the evolution of plants as seen in the fossil record, outline the evident themes of the following time frames
475 – 416 mya:

Answer 5

Origin of land plants

Cuticle, spores, sporangia

Question 6

With respect to the evolution of plants as seen in the fossil record, outline the evident themes of the following time frames 416 – 359 mya:

Answer 6

Stomata, vascular tissue, roots, leaves

Question 7

With respect to the evolution of plants as seen in the fossil record, outline the evident themes of the following time frames 359 – 299 mya:

Answer 7

Extensive coal forming swamps

Horsetail abundant

Question 8

With respect to the evolution of plants as seen in the fossil record, outline the evident themes of the following time frames 299 – 145 mya:

Answer 8

Gymnosperms

Wet and dry plants

Question 9

With respect to the evolution of plants as seen in the fossil record, outline the evident themes of the following time frames 145 mya – present

Answer 9

Angiosperms

Question 10

With regard to the phylogeny of green plants

Explain why “green plants” are monophyletic

Answer 10

Single common ancestor

Green algae and land plants

Question 11

b) Explain why “green algae” are paraphyletic

Answer 11

Green algae include some, but not all of the descendants of a single common ancestor

Question 12

c) What group is the closest living relative to land plants?

Answer 12

Charophyceae

Question 13

d) Explain why land plants are monophyletic

Answer 13

Only one transition from freshwater to land

Question 14

e) Explain why nonvascular plants are paraphyletic

Answer 14

Form a glade - a sequence of lineages

Question 15

f) Explain why together, gymnosperms and angiosperms form a monophyletic group

Answer 15

How seeds develop

Naked encapsulated

Question 16

Describe the importance of the evolution of the cuticle and stomata

Answer 16

Waxy prevents water loss

Stomata gas exchange

Question 17

Describe the importance of the evolution of upright growth and vascular tissue.

Answer 17

Keep plant moist

Keeps it from falling over

Question 18

Describe the evolutionary sequence observed in water-conducting cells in land plants (see figure 30.9).

Answer 18

1 simple water conducting cells
2 vascular
3 tracheids secondary cell wall with lignin
4 vessel elements

Question 19

Explain how the evolution of the embryo, and later, the seed, helped plants reproduce on land.

Answer 19

Protection from drying out

Question 20

Explain how the evolution of heterospory, and later, pollen, helped plants reproduce on land.

Answer 20

Production of two different types of spores
Male and female
Spooky tea to sporopollen makes a pollen grain
Go to new locations to disperse

Question 21

Explain how the evolution of cones, and later, flowers, helped plants reproduce on land.

Answer 21

Seeds in embryo

Question 22

Alternation of generations appears to have evolved independently in several lineages of eukaryotes including land plants. Draw a diagram representing alternation of generations in land plants (see figure 30.14).

Answer 22

1

Question 23

Below is the gametophyte-dominated life cycle of a moss. Label meiosis, spore, gametophyte (n), archegonia, antheridia, egg, sperm, fertilization, zygote, sporophyte (2n).

Answer 23

1

Question 24

Outline the five key events in the alternation of generations.

Answer 24

Meiosis
Mitosis
Sperm from antheridian, female archegonia
Fertilize = zygote
Mitosis

Question 25

Compare and contrast zygotes and spores

Answer 25

Similar: single called divide by mitosis to become multicellular

Zygotes fusion of sperm and egg - produces sporophytes

Spores: not formed by fusion of cells, produces gametophytes, inside of gametangia

Question 26

Label this sporophyte-dominated life cycle of a fern. Label meiosis, spore, gametophyte (n), archegonia, antheridia, egg, sperm, fertilization, zygote, sporophyte (2n).

Answer 26

1

Question 27

Label this heterosporous life cycle of a gymnosperm. Label sporophyte, microsporangiate cone, microspore, male gametophyte, megasporangiate cone, megaspore, female gametophyte, eggs, fertilization, embryo, seed

Answer 27

1

Question 28

Label this heterosporous life cycle of an angiosperm. Label sporophyte, anther, microspore, male gametophyte, megaspore, ovary, megaspore, female gametophyte, egg, fertilization, embryo, seed.

Answer 28

1

Question 29

Explain the directed-pollination hypothesis and provide examples of characteristics that have coevolved with animal pollinators

Answer 29

Natural selection favorited flower colors shapes scents and becomes attractive to specific pollinators
Mutually beneficial: pollinator gets food, plant gets sex

Question 30

Green Algae

List the traits common to all green algae:

Answer 30

Double membrane
Chlorophyll a and b
Starch storage
Cell wall 
Cellulose

Question 31

Non-vascular Plants (liverworts, bryophytes, hornworts)

Traits common to most non-vascular plants are:

Answer 31

Low sprawling habits
Bryophytes
Rhizoids - anchored to rocks, soil tree bark
Have flagellated sperm to swim to eggs

Question 32

Seedless Vascular Plants

Traits common to all seedless vascular plants:

Answer 32

1

Question 33

Traits of the four major groups of seedless vascular plants:

1) Lycophyta

Answer 33

1

Question 34

Traits of the four major groups of seedless vascular plants 2) Psilophyta

Answer 34

1

Question 35

Traits of the four major groups of seedless vascular plants 3) Equisetophyta

Answer 35

1

Question 36

Traits of the four major groups of seedless vascular plants4) Pteridophyta

Answer 36

1

Question 37

Seeded Vascular Plants

Traits common to all seeded vascular plants:

Answer 37

1

Question 38

Traits of the six major groups of seeded vascular plants:

1) Cycadophyta

Answer 38

1

Question 39

Traits of the six major groups of seeded vascular plants: 2) Ginkgophyta

Answer 39

0

Question 40

Traits of the six major groups of seeded vascular plants: 3) Redwood group

Answer 40

11

Question 41

Traits of the six major groups of seeded vascular plants: 4) Pinophyta

Answer 41

1

Question 42

Traits of the six major groups of seeded vascular plants: 5) Gnetophyta

Answer 42

1

Question 43

Traits of the six major groups of seeded vascular plants: 6) Anthophyta

Answer 43

1