Chapter 52 - Population Ecology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

•A _______________ is a group of individuals from the same species that live in the same area at the same time.

A

population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

•___________________ is the study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time.

A

Population ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The mathematical and analytical tools used in population ecology help biologists predict - what?

A

changes in population size and design management strategies to save threatened species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

___________ is the study of factors such as these that determine the size and structure of populations through time

A

Demography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

To make predictions about the future of a population, biologists need to know - what?

A
  • how many individuals of each age are alive,
  • how likely individuals of different ages are to survive to the following year
  • how many offspring are produced by females of different ages.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

•A _____________ summarizes the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given time interval over the course of its lifetime.

A

life table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_______________ is a key component of a life table and is defined as the proportion of offspring produced that survive, on average, to a particular age.

A

Survivorship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

•These individuals represent a __________ —a group of the same age that can be followed through time.

A

cohort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

•The _______________ is a plot of the logarithm of the number of survivors versus age.

A

survivorship curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does a type I curve look like?

A

survivorship throughout life is high, and most individuals approach the maximum life span of the species; humans show this type of survivorship curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does a type II survivorship curve look like?

A
  • most individuals experience relatively constant survivorship over their lifetimes; songbirds have this curve.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Type III survivorship curve - describe

A

result from high death rates early in life, with high survivorship after maturity; many plants have type III curves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define fecundity

A

Fecundity is also a key part of a life table; it is defined as the number of female offspring produced by each female in the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define age specific fecundity

A

•Age-specific fecundity is the average number of female offspring produced by a female in a given age class—a group of individuals of a specific age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you calculate net reproductive rate?

R0

A

growth rate of the population over a generation

= ave # of female offspring produced over life @ ea age class

= survivorship * age specific fecundity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

if the R0 > 1 what does that mean?

A

population is growing

17
Q

if R0 < 1 - what does that mean

A

pop declining

18
Q

if R0 = 0

what does that mean

A

pop stable

19
Q

define fitness trade off

A

•Fitness trade-offs occur because every individual has a restricted amount of time and energy at its disposal―its resources are limited.

20
Q

What is the difference b/t net reproductive rate R0 and per capita growth rate r

A

R0 is that the growth rate of a population per generation equals the average number of female offspring that each female produces over the course of her lifetime

•The per-capita rate of increase (r) is the difference between the birthrate and death rate per individual.

r = b − d

21
Q

define exponential pop growth

A

Exponential population growth occurs when r does not change over time. It does not depend on the number of individuals in the population—it is density independent.

22
Q

under which circumstances is exponential pop growth typically seen?

A
  1. A few individuals found a new population in a new habitat.
  2. A population has been devastated by a storm or some other type of catastrophe and then begins to recover, starting with a few surviving individuals.
23
Q

define carrying capacity

A

•Carrying capacity, K, is the maximum number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time. K can change depending on conditions.

24
Q

what are the limits on carrying capacity?

A
  • food
  • space
  • water
  • soil quality
  • resting or nesting sites.
  • Carrying capacity can change from year to year, depending on conditions.
25
Q

define logistic growth equation

A

•The logistic growth equation describes logistic population growth—a change in growth rate that occurs as a function of population size.

  • density dependant
26
Q

define metapopulation

A

If individuals from a species occupy many small patches of habitat so that they form many independent populations, they represent metapopulations―a population of populations

27
Q

R0 =

A

survivorship * fecundity

28
Q

density independent factors that affect birth and death rates

list

A

typical of exponential pop growth - ussually abiotic
they change birthrates and death rates irrespective of population size.

Positive: new habitat

overcoming big storm where pop has been wiped out

29
Q

density dependant population growth factors

A

•When population density—the number of individuals per unit area—gets very high, the population’s per-capita birthrate should decrease and the per-capita death rate increase, causing r to decline.

30
Q

describe two examples of density dependent factors that influence pop growth in natural populations

A

altered by changes in the abiotic enviro

food and deer pop

density of forest and nutrients and sun abailable

  1. coral reef fish - bridled goby - lower density = highter survivorship
  2. sparrows - high density = lower eggs laid

define particular habitat’s carrying capcity

31
Q
A