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Biology 106 > Cell cycle & mitosis; Meiosis (Chapter 11, 12) > Flashcards

Cell cycle & mitosis; Meiosis (Chapter 11, 12) Flashcards

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1
Q

_____________ are nuclear units of genetic info & associated proteins

A

Chromosomes

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2
Q

Describe sister chromatids

A
  • same as parent chromosome paired threads
  • held together until mitosis separates them
  • genetic info
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3
Q

What are the essential components of the cell theory

A

living things are made from cells

cells come from other cells

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4
Q

What happens in the interphase portion of mitotic cell division

A

non dividing cell phase

G1 Phase - makes organelles

S Phase - replication of DNA

G2 Phase - more organelles

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5
Q

define somatic cells

A

non-gamete cells

copying and dividing

genetic clone

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6
Q

What are the five phases of the M Phase

A

Prophase

Prometaphases

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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7
Q

What is the function of mitosis

A

Growth

wound repair

sexual reporduction

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8
Q

______________ is a copy of one strand of DNA

A

Chromatid

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9
Q

___________________ is the centre point between the sister chrmatids that bind them together

A

centromere

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10
Q

________ are the proteins at the centromere where microtubules bind

A

Kinetochore

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11
Q

____________ the protein ring that stabilizes the loops of the Chromosomes, condeses it

A

Condensins

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12
Q

What are the two purposes of the microtubules during mitosis

A
  1. to adhere to the centromere
  2. for pulling the diving cells to opposite poles
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13
Q

What protein is responsible for binding down the loops of the sister chromatids together at the centramere

A

cohesins

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14
Q

______________ is the structure on sister chromatids where mirotubles attach

A

kinetochore

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15
Q

What is the root for the word meiosis

A

Lessening act

Becauuse the sperm and egg cells have only 2 chromosomes, whereas all other cells have 4

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16
Q

What is the difference between an allele and a gene

A

allele is different versons of the same gene -> traits

homologs carry same genes but different traits

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17
Q

What are the four phases of the cell cycle

A

M-Phase - Cell Division

G1 - Organelles replicated

S Phase: synthesis phase - replication of DNA

G2 - more organelles replicated

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18
Q

Meiosis leads to ________ cells

Somatic or gamete

A

gamete

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19
Q
A
20
Q

What are the 3 key events mitosis is responsible for

A
  • growth
  • wound repair
  • reporductive (asexual)
21
Q
A
22
Q

What is the root of the word cytokenesis

A

cell movement

23
Q

Put the 5 phases of mitosis in order

  1. metaphase
  2. telophase
  3. prometaphase
  4. prophase
  5. anaphase
A

Prophase

Prometaphase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

24
Q

______________ are non gamete cells, coying and dividing - a genetic clone

A

somatic cells

25
Q

When during M phase are the chromosomes the smallest

A

Prophase

26
Q

Describe what is going on to the chromosome during prophase

A

before Phase

chromosome compaction

spindle app, working on the structure

cytoplasmic creation

27
Q

Describe what is going on during prometaphase

A

before middle phase

nuclear envelope dissapears

spindle enters nuclear area

microtubules attach to chromosomes on the kinetechares of each chromosome

some of the microtubules overlap - for cell division mobility

28
Q

What is happening with the chromosomes during metaphase

A

the are being lined up at the midpoint

the formation of the spindle apparatus is complete

29
Q

What is happening during the anaphase

A

against phase

sister chromatids separate and move to opp poles

spindle app pulls chromosomes and pushes poles of cells away

30
Q

What is happening during telophase

A

end phase

nuclear envelop re forms

spindle app disintigrates

31
Q

describe how the cleavage furrow is happening

A

via motor proteins actin and myosin

part of cytokinesis

32
Q

Microtubules - how do they work on the chromosomes and cell division

A

microtubles attach to the kinetochore on it`s positive side, which is also where it lengthens and sortens to pull the chromosome in place

microtubules also overlap and their function is cytokinesis

33
Q

what are the two distince proteins in Mitosis Promoting Factor MPF

A

Kinase

cyclins

34
Q

What is the purpose of MPF

A

induces mitosis

35
Q

Which of the proteins in MPF fluctuate in concentration of the cell cycle

A

cyclin bound to cyclin dependend kinase CdK

36
Q

Which phase are cyclines at theeir highest concentration

A

m phase

37
Q

What does the kinase do

A

enzyme cleives Pi from ATP on target protein therefore a regulatory element

38
Q

Whoe does the MPF work with the cyclins and >CdK (cyclin dependant Kinase)

A

On the CdK the are 2 phophoralated sites which is the MPF in it`s inactive state

Late in G2 phase enzyme cleaive on Pi and preomes active -> M phase

39
Q

How is MPF deactivated

A

during anaphase it starts to degregate

cyclin gets marked for destruction by ubiqutin and the proteasome

therefore concentration degredated and concentrations reduce

40
Q

Where in the cell cycle are the checkpoints

A

G1 - Is it big enough, enough nutrients, social signals for growth, is the damage to the DNA,

G2 - MPF key in signaling, if error in DNA the dephoporalization fo MPF is blocked

Metaphase checkpoint - pass go if chromosomes attached to spindle app correctly

41
Q

what is the definition of apoptosis

A

cell self destruction

42
Q

During the G1 checkpoint if _________ defective DNA remains unrepaired, this protein is also called

A

p53

tumor supressors

43
Q

Cancer arrises from faulty checkpoints, there are two major types. What are they

A

Make proteins for cell growht active when they shouldn`t

defects prevent tumor suppressor cells from shutting down during the cycle

44
Q

what does platelet derived growth factor PDGF do

A

it is a growth factor

binds to tyrosine kinases on cell mb

45
Q
A

Biology 106 (14 decks)

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