GREEK ARCHITECTURE Flashcards
Greek region ed by legendary King Minos of Knossos,
Minoans
Greek region created advanced civilizations that developed into the civilization of Classical Greece
Mycenaeans
The island where the first great sea-power of the Mediterranean arose.
Island of Crete
were the first Greek Civilization to
write and speak the Greek language
Mycenaeans
The greatest importance to Greek architecture which facilitates exactness of line and refinement of detail.
marble
The most famous variety of marble of Greece that was used by the great sculptors of ancient Greece.
Pentelic
marble
Pentelic marble of Greece can be found in the quarries of ___?
Mount Pentelikon in Attica
2 great sculptors of ancient Greece who used Pentelic marble
Phidias and Praxiteles
practiced nature worship and their religious ceremonies included sacred games and
ritual dances.
AEGEAN
The supreme
deity of Aegeans and also the fertility goddess
Rhea
The gods were personifications of particular elements.
Each deity has its own attribute
GREEK
Goddess of love, romance, and beauty
Aphrodite
God of Love (though he is not an Olympian) and son of Aphrodite
Eros
Beautiful god of the sun, light, medicine, and music.
Apollo
Dark god of war who loves Aphrodite.
Ares
Independent goddess of the hunt, the forest, wildlife, childbirth, and the moon; sister to Apollo.
Artemis
Daughter of Zeus and goddess of wisdom, war, and crafts
Athena
Goddess of agriculture and mother of Persephone
Demeter
Lame god of fire and the forge
Hephaestus
is the most beautifully preserved ancient
temple in Greece
The Hephaestion near the Acropolis
Wife of Zeus, protector of marriage, familiar with magic.
Hera
The speedy messenger of the gods, god of business
Hermes
The Romans refer to him as Mercury
Hermes
Calm goddess of home and home life, symbolized by the hearth which holds the continually-burning flame
Hestia
God of the sea, horses, and of earthquakes.
Poseidon
Supreme lord of gods, god of the sky, symbolized by the thunderbolt
Zeus
although he was an important god and the brother of Zeus and Poseidon, was not generally considered to be one of the twelve Olympians since he dwelled in the underworld.
Hades
The history of Greece is divided into 3 distinctive periods:
a. Mycenaean or Helladic Greece
b. Hellenic Greece
c. Hellenistic Greece
Period of Greece where defense architecture such as fortifications of Mycenae and Tiryns were necessary for protection.
Mycenaean or Helladic Greece
Period of Greece where Citadel palaces were also built.
Mycenaean or Helladic Greece
Period of Greece where great figures in philosophy and science such as Pythagoras and Socrates were known
Hellenic Greece
Period of Greece where greek theatre has a religious attribute and originates from the
festival of the worship of Dionysus.
Hellenic Greece
Period of Greece where the “city state” (‘polis’) emerged as the basis of Greek society
Hellenic Greece
Period of Greece where the death of Alexander, 32, led to the division of the empire among his generals.
Hellenistic Greece
Period of Greece where Greece became a Roman province.
Hellenistic Greece
Period of Greece where Philip of Macedonia unified Greece and his son, Alexander the Great embarked on a national crusade against Persia
Hellenistic Greece
city state
polis
a great hall in a Mycenean palace complex.
MEGARON
3 Parts of an Aegean megaron
- Anteroom
- Vestibule
- Main room with central hearth and throne
Columns were of cypress wood and cylindrical. They are smaller at the bottom and wider at the top, a result of inverting the cypress trunk to prevent sprouting once in place.
Minoan Column
2 parts of a Minoan Column
a. square abacus (above)
b. circular echinus (below)
4 Methods of Walling (refer to Fletcher)
- Cyclopean
- Polygonal
- Rectangular
- Inclined blocks
Rooms were functionally organized around a large central
court. The palaces also had extensive basement storage areas, artists’ workshops, dining halls, and sumptuous living quarters (including bathrooms) for the noble ruling families. The structures were light and flexible, rather than monumental.
The PALACE OF KING MINOS, KNOSSOS
is a hilltop citadel surrounded by defensive walls. The masonry is of the cyclopean type and short stretches of ashlar.
PALACE, TIRYNS
Is the most famous feature of the Palace, Tiryns. Above the huge lintel, corbelled stones form an arch, creating a triangle that is filled by the two lions carved in relief on either side of a sacred Minoan column. The heads of the lions, now lost, were made of separate pieces of metal or stone.
LION GATE, MYCENAE
Type of Aegean tomb that is described as a cut within the slope of a hillside and approached by a passageway which is open to the sky called the dromos.
Rock-cut or chamber tomb
Type of Aegean tomb that is described as more elaborate; a subterranean stone-vaulted construction shaped like a beehive.
Tholos type
Greek architecture has been called ____ as timber forms were imitated in stone with remarkable exactness
“carpentry in marble’’
In this period of Greece, temples were the principal buildings
HELLENIC PERIOD
In this period of Greece, colonnades surround the temple.
HELLENIC PERIOD
In this period of Greece, greek architecture was essentially columnar and trabeated.
HELLENIC PERIOD
In the Hellenic period of Greece, the method of constructing the column was the _____,
mortise and tenon
In this period of Greece, several refinements were practiced by the Greeks in order to correct optical illusions. Some of these, like the Parthenon, exemplify a most advanced sensitivity to form.
HELLENIC PERIOD
In Hellenic period of Greece, columns were usually constructed in ____ and the
fluting was carried out after the shafts were in position.
” drums “
mortise and tenon is also known as
the tongue and groove
In this period of Greece, public buildings multiplied in number and became
permanent structures.
HELLENISTIC PERIOD
sacred enclosure of acropolis
‘temenos’
In this period of Greece, civic design developed and building groups were laid
out on symmetrical lines linked colonnaded porticoes or ‘stoas’
HELLENISTIC PERIOD
a freestanding colonnade or covered walkway; also, a long open building, its roof supported by one or more rows of columns parallel to the rear wall.
stoas
is the best known acropolis in the world
The Acropolis, Athen
10 sacred buildings in The Acropolis
- Propylaea
- Pinacotheca –
- Temple of Athena, Nike
- The Parthenon
- Erechtheion
- Odeion of Herodes Atticus
- Odeion of Pericles
- Theater of Dionysus
- Old Temple of Athena
- Stoa of Eumenes
forms the imposing entrance to the Acropolis, Athens.
Propylaea
contains painted pictures in the Acropolis Athens
Pinacotheca
a building in the Acropolis Athens dedicated to the Wingless Victory
Temple of Athena, Nike
was the center of all religious activities
during the Olympics.
The Altis, Olympia
was the major site for the worship
of the god Apollo.
Delphi in Mt. Parnassus
Event held in Delphi that includes music, poetry and sports.
Pythian Games
holds the position as a holy sanctuary and cult center in ancient Greece and a prosperous trading port.
Delos
signify a celebration of life on earth rather than afterlife shrines for gods.
temple architecture
on the ends of the temple roof is the _________ (triangular–shaped pediment) filled with sculptures.
tympana
Part of the Greek Temple described as front portico
Pronaos
Part of the Greek Temple described as rear portico
Epinaos/Opisthodomos
Part of the Greek Temple that contains the statue of a god or goddess
Naos
the most sacred part of a temple.
adyton
What is the style of temple with 2 columns on the entrance front?
Distyle
What is the style of temple with 3 columns on the entrance front?
Tristyle
What is the style of temple with 4 columns on the entrance front?
Tetrastyle
What is the style of temple with 5 columns on the entrance front?
Pentastyle
What is the style of temple with 6 columns on the entrance front?
Hexastyle
What is the style of temple with 7 columns on the entrance front?
Heptastyle
What is the style of temple with 8 columns on the entrance front?
Octastyle
What is the style of temple with 9 columns on the entrance front?
Enneastyle
What is the style of temple with 10 columns on the entrance front?
Decastyle
What is the style of temple with 12 columns on the entrance front?
Dodecastyle
What is the type of temple, according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos, that has 2-4 columns at the front.
In-antis / anta
What is the type of temple, according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos, that has a portico of columns at the front.
Prostyle
What is the type of temple, according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos, that has 2-4 columns at the front and rear.
Amphi-antis , double anta
What is the type of temple, according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos, that – has a portico of columns at the front and rear.
Amphi-prostyle
What is the type of temple, according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos, that has a single line of columns at the front and rear.
Peripteral
What is the type of temple, according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos, that has a flank of columns attached to the naos wall.
Psuedo-peripteral
What is the type of temple, according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos, that has a double line of columns surrounding the naos.
Dipteral
What is the type of temple, according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos, that is like dipteral but the inner range of
columns is omitted
Pseudo-dipteral
is the clear space between two
adjacent columns.
INTERCOLUMNIATION
The Ionic and Corinthian intercolumniation of 1 ½ column diameters
Pycnostyle
The Ionic and Corinthian intercolumniation of 2 column diameters
Systyle
The Ionic and Corinthian intercolumniation of 2 ¼ column diameters
Eustyle
The Ionic and Corinthian intercolumniation of 3 column diameters
Diastyle
The Ionic and Corinthian intercolumniation of 4 or more column diameters
Araeostyle
is not measured by diameters but
based on the number of triglyphs between columns.
Doric intercolumniation
A Doric intercolumniation with an interval of 1 triglyph
Monotriglyph
A Doric intercolumniation with an interval of 2 triglyphs
Ditriglyph
A Doric intercolumniation with an interval of more than 2 triglyphs
Polytriglyph
consists of an upright column, the base and the capital and the horizontal entablature.
ORDER
was the favorite order of the
Greeks
DORIC
was the least used order of the
Greeks
CORINTHIAN
promotes a play of light on a column which helps the column appear more perfectly round than a smooth column
Fluting
Greek order that is masculine in quality, has no base, and with a height is 4-6 1/2x Ø the of base
THE DORIC ORDER
Number of flutes of a Doric order
20 flutes
3 stepped bands in the architrave is called _____
fasciae
Greek order that is a four-fronted capital. It originated from nautilus shell and ram’s horn. Its frieze has continuous figures. It has an attic base and the height is 9xØ of base
THE IONIC ORDER
Number of flutes in the Ionic Order
24 flutes
The flutes in the Ionic order is separated by ______ and not by arrises
fillets
The person who got the idea of the Corinthian Order from observing a basket covered with a tile over the grave of a Corinthian maiden
Callimachus
Greek Order that is the most ornate of the classical orders, has slender fluted columns, has plain frieze, has a base similar to the ionic and the height is 9x–10xØ of base
THE CORINTHIAN ORDER
The Parthenon, Athens is dedicated to ______
Athena Parthenos
a supreme example of Classical Greece that upheld as a symbol of democracy
The Parthenon, Athens
The Parthenon, Athens is designed by ____ and ____
Ictinus and Callicrates
The master sculptor of the Parthenon, Athens is ____
Phidias
the naos that measures 100’ long
hecatompedon
the most important building in the Altis located at the very
center, It is a peripteral hexastyle with thirteen columns at the sides and it contains the gold and ivory statue of Zeus by Phidias
Temple of Zeus, Olympia
designer of the Temple of Zeus, Olympia
Libon
temple made of golden-colored travertine stone
Second Temple of Hera, Paestum, Italy
The Parthenon in Athens, Temple of Zeus in Olympia, and Second Temple of Hera in Paestum, Italy are all examples of temples of what greek order?
DORIC
Temple of Athena Nike in Apteros, Temple of Apollo in Didyma, Erechtheion in Athens, Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, and the Tholos Philippeion in Olympia are all examples of temples of what greek order?
IONIC
smallest structure in the Acropolis dedicated to Athena Nike(Wingless Victory) that symbolizes Athen’s military & political strength
Temple of Athena Nike, Apteros
designer of Temple of Athena Nike, Apteros
Callicrates
The temple with a roof that was hypaethral, has dipteral octastyle plan and no opisthodomos
Temple of Apollo, Didyma
designers of Temple of Apollo, Didyma
Paeonius and Daphnis
A temple made of Pentelic and blue Eleusinian marble and has a ‘caryatid porch’ of 6 draped female figures
Erechtheion, Athens
designer of Erechtheion, Athens
Mnesicles
It is a sculpted female figure serving as a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head.
Caryatid
Caryatid means _____
maiden of Karyai
is a caryatid with a basket on her head; used either as a support or as a freestanding garden ornament.
Canephora
is a decorative column in the figure or half figure of a man.
Atlantes
one of the most impressive of Greek temples that is a dipteral octastyle at the front & enneastyle at the rear
Temple of Artemis, Ephesus
designer of Temple of Artemis, Ephesus
Demetrius, Paeonius & Deinocrates
a temple that was begun by Philip of Macedonia and completed by Alexander.
Tholos Philippeion, Olympia
is a circular temple (this word is also used for a Mycenaean circular subterranean tomb).
tholos
Who built Tholos, Epidaurus?
Polykleitos
