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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE > ANCIENT NEAR EAST > Flashcards

ANCIENT NEAR EAST Flashcards

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1
Q

The fertile plains between the twin rivers, ____ and ____ were given the name Mesopotamia

A

Tigris and Euprates

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2
Q

Greek word origin of Mesopotamia meaning middle

A

mesos

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3
Q

Greek word origin of Mesopotamia meaning river

A

potamos

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4
Q

Mesopotamia is part of what is known as the _______ because of the irrigated farmlands

A

Fertile Crescent

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5
Q

Mesopotamia is also known as the ____ because it was where writing and government began

A

cradle of civilization

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6
Q

5 Ancient Near East Cultures

A
  • Sumerian
  • Akkadian
  • Babylonian
  • Assyrian
  • Persian
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7
Q

The true arch first appeared in

A

Assyria

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8
Q

were made from clay mixed with chopped straw to
improve cohesion and bonding.

A

Bricks

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9
Q

Type of bricks used for ordinary finish

A

Sun-Dried

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10
Q

Type of bricks used for facing important buildings

A

Kiln-Dried

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11
Q

Type of bricks used for decorative purpose

A

Colored glazed

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12
Q

Sumerian figures that stood in attentive prayer before the god with the wide, staring eyes

A

votive figures

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13
Q

A type of script developed by Sumerians in clay tablets that is also one of the earliest known forms of written expression.

A

cuneiform

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14
Q

are terraced pyramids with temples at the summit, believed to connect heaven and earth.

A

Ziggurats

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15
Q

Part of a Ziggurat that served as a meeting place for the priests and gods making this belief that temples were often referred to as waiting rooms. It is also called the central hall.

A

cella

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16
Q

Two types of Ziggurats

A

One-stage and Multi-stage

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17
Q

The earliest development of the ziggurat which is a one-step ziggurat dedicated to God Anu.

A

White Temple, Uruk

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18
Q

The name Iraq was derived from

A

Uruk

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19
Q

an example of a city temple as it contains walls that enclosed the temple from the city

A

Temple Oval, Khafaje

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20
Q

Palace built by King Sargon II where all buildings arranged around a courtyard and are decorated with relief sculptures and glazed bricks

A

Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad

21
Q

an Assyrian protective deity, often depicted as having a human’s head, a body of an ox or a lion, and bird’s wings

A

Lamassu

22
Q

the first king of Babylon

A

King Hammurabi

23
Q

King Hammurabi recorded a system of laws called ____.

A

the Code of Hammurabi

24
Q

How many laws did King Hammurabi ordered that was engraved in stone and placed in a public location for everyone to see

A

282 laws

25
Q

was the greatest
king of ancient Babylon.

A

King Nebuchadnezzar II

26
Q

It was during this king’s reign that Babylon became the largest city in the world.

A

King Nebuchadnezzar II

27
Q

was largely the creation of Nebuchadnezzar II. It owes its fame to the many references in the Bible and was the most famous and the largest city in ancient Mesopotamia

A

The City of Babylon (Gate of God)

28
Q

4 Significant Structures in the City of Babylon

A
  1. Nebuchadnezzar’s Great Palace
  2. The Ishtar Gate
  3. Temple of Marduk
  4. Tower of Babel
29
Q

was praised for its legendary Hanging Gardens (600 BC) recorded as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world

A

Nebuchadnezzar’s Great Palace

30
Q

Nebuchadnezzar had constructed the gardens to please his homesick wife, ________, who longed for the trees and fragrant plants of her
homeland

A

Amytis of Media

31
Q

was dedicated to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar. Through the gatehouse is the Processional Way, over half a mile long, leading to the Temple of 8th gate of Babylon. It has blue glazed tiles with alternating rows of bas-relief of dragons and lions.

A

The Ishtar Gate by Nebuchadnezzar II

32
Q

God of Babylon

A

Marduk

33
Q

was the center of
the state cult. Heavily bastioned, built in clay, with its huge square towers and its crenellated terraces, the main body constituted the actual temple with an outbuilding attached to the temple

A

Temple of Marduk

34
Q

a ziggurat with a shrine of Marduk
on the top

A

the Etemenanki

35
Q

Marduk’s
chief temples at Babylon were the _____ and _____

A

the Esagila and
the Etemenanki

36
Q

the builders intended the tower to reach heaven

A

Tower of Babel

37
Q

Father of the
Iranian Nation that established the Persian Empire as the most powerful state in the world

A

Cyrus the Great

38
Q

He ruled the Persian Empire from 522-486 B.C. He developed infrastructure projects, the largest being the building of the new capital of Persepolis.

A

Darius I (son of Cyrus the Great)

39
Q

was known for his
massive invasion of Greece and his defeat marked the
decline of the empire.

A

Xerxes I

40
Q

City of the Persians

A

Persepolis

41
Q

was begun by Darius I. It was built as a showcase for the empire, designed to awe visitors with its scale and beauty. It is Persian in ideology and design but international in its superb architecture and artistic execution. It was the richest ancient city

A

The Palace of Persepolis

42
Q

Xerxes’ name was written in three
languages and carved on the entrances, informing everyone that
he ordered it to be built.

A

Gate of All Nations by Xerxes I

43
Q

Grand Audience Hall by Darius I

A

The Apadana

44
Q

the smallest of the palace buildings in Persepolis. It was constructed of the finest quality stone.

A

Tachara Palace of Darius & Xerxes, Persepolis

45
Q

Reception Chamber & Guard Room of the Persepolis

A

Tripylon

46
Q

served as the armory and storehouse of the Persepolis

A

The Treasury by Darius

47
Q

was begun by Xerxes I and completed by Artaxerxes I. It was constructed for the king to receive the nobles and dignitaries. Columns at the throne hall have the double unicorn and the double bull capitals

A

The Throne Hall or Hall of the Hundred Columns

48
Q

built during the Achamanaid Empire and was part of the Imperial Palace of Sasanian kings has the largest single-span vault of unreinforced brickwork in the world

A

Arch of Ctesiphon (Taq Kasra), Iraq

49
Q

Remnant of the Persian Empire

A

Achamanaid Empire

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE (5 decks)

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