EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE Flashcards
3 Gods in THEBAN TRIAD
Amun, Mut, and Khons
the King of the Gods
Amun
are believed to be an incarnation of a god
Kings
The specific trinity of major gods who rule a certain area
triad
The religious practices of Egyptians are ___ in theory and ___ in practice.
Monotheistic; Polytheistic
was the principal building material for
domestic buildings.
Mud brick
consort to Amun & queen of the gods
Mut
5 contributions of Nile River
- Irrigation turned desert lands into fruitful fields.
- Its gentle current was favorable for navigation.
- Trade and commerce prospered along its banks.
- Early Egyptian civilization had its birth along the Nile.
- Important religious structures like tomb pyramids and temples for the gods were built in strategic places along the banks of the Nile
4 Effects of Egypt’s Climate on Buildings
- Simple design
- Few windows due to sandstorms
- Flat roof, no drainage, no gutters due to absence rain
- Massive walls due to heat
The life of Egypt
Nile River
the son of Amun and Mut; the god of the moon and time
Khons / Khonsu
3 Gods in the ABYDOS TRIAD
Osiris, Isis, and Horus
The god of the underworld. The first pharaoh.
Osiris
The Goddess of Magic. The sister of Osiris and the mother of Horus.
Isis
The child of Osiris and Isis with a falcon head.
Horus
3 Gods in the MEMPHHIS TRIAD
Ptah, Sekhmet, and Nefertem
The chief deity of Memphis & patron deity of craftsmen.
Ptah
The god of all the gods who created himself and everyone.
Ptah
The consort of Ptah & the giver of divine retribution,
vengeance, and conquest.
Sekhmet
The Protector of the two lands.
Nefertem
3 Gods in the MENKAURE TRIAD
King Menkaure, Hathor, and the 17th deified Nome of Upper Egypt
The last Great Pyramid builder
King Menkaure
the goddess of music and love, is shown to the right of
Menkaure, holding his hand.
Hathor
The three main people who took part in the mummification process.
the scribe, the cutter, and the embalmer
In the mummification process, how many days does it take to prepare the body for ritual?
70 days
Mummies are contained in coffins called the _____.
sarcophagus
His mummy was contained in 3 coffins,
each one within the next.
Tutankhamun
The Kings of ancient Egypt are known as
Pharaohs
‘Pharaoh’ is a Greek word that is based on an Egyptian word that meant
great house
The pharaoh was the political and religious leader holding the
titles?
‘Lord of the Two Lands’ and ‘High Priest of Every Temple’
The pharaohs have been divided into how many dynasties?
30 dynasties
The Great Pharaoh who ruled herself as the first woman pharaoh and ruled for around 20 years. She organized military campaigns and sent out trade expeditions to bring exotic goods to Egypt.
Hatshepsut
The Great Pharaoh who was called the Napoleon of ancient Egypt because of his military genius and built many structures. He ruled for 54 years and created the largest empire ever in Egypt.
Thutmose III
This Great Pharaoh was one of the longest ruling pharaohs of ancient Egypt for 67 years. He lived for over 80 years with over a dozen wives and more than 100 children.
Rameses II
The rule of this Great Pharaoh is remembered as one of artistic glory
and prosperity having a large impact on the economy of Egypt.
Amenhotep III
The Great Pharaoh who was the 12th king of the 18th dynasty. He was a boy king at age 9 and most famous Pharaoh of all time. He was not renowned as a ruler but famous for his riches inside his intact tomb.
Tutankhamun
The Great Pharaoh who ruled for less than 20 years and introduced the concept of a single god, Aten which was later reversed by his son, Tutankhamun.
Amenhotep IV or Akhenaten
The Great Pharaoh who was known for the famous limestone Step Pyramid at Saqqara which is an example of great technological innovation.
Djozer
The architect of Step Pyramid
Imhotep
The Great Pharaoh who built the oldest and largest pyramid in Giza remarkable for its construction techniques.
Khufu
The Great Pharaoh who was the Queen of Nile and was the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt though she was not of Egyptian lineage
Cleopatra
Cleopatra was the daughter of ____
Ptolemy XII
2 love interests of Cleopatra
Julius Caesar and Marc Antony
a soft headcloth usually made of linen and is a striped head cloth worn almost exclusively by the king in representations like a sphinx or falcon.
nemes crown
The headress that represents the power and kingship of the 2 lands, Upper and Lower Egypt
double crown / pschent
The symbol of power over Upper Egypt
white crown / hedjet
The symbol of power over Lower Egypt
red crown / deshret
The blue war crown worn when the Egyptian pharaoh went to war as the head of the army, used from the 18th dynasty onwards.
khepresh
headdress that symbolizes protection & royal power
Eye of Horus
is a rope enclosing a royal name thereby serving as the protector of that name.
Cartouche
This scepter has a stylized animal head on top and a forked end. It was a visual representation of the concept of “power” or
“dominion.“
Was Scepter
represents the sun god Ra and the divinity of the Pharaoh.
Sun Disk
God of the Dead and the Keeper of the Gate with a head of a jackal
Anubis
are symbols of royalty, kingship, majesty and dominion. The crook is a scepter symbolizing government.
Crook and Flail
____ symbolizes royal protection of the Lower Egypt while ____ symbolizes divine kingship of the Upper Egypt.
Uraeus/Cobra ; Falcon
Symbol for Lower Egypt and Fertility
Papyrus
Symbol for Upper Egypt and Fertility
Lotus
are indicative of plant stems gathered at the base with capitals derived from the lotus bud, papyrus flower and the palm.
Columns
upper part of the column
Capital
Latin origin of the word Capital that means “head”
Capita
is a broad pit below ground covered with a
rectangular flat mound with sides sloping at 75 degrees
Royal Mastaba
The word mastaba is an Arabic word meaning
bench of mud
this served as the threshold between the world of the mortals and the spirits
False Door / Ka Door(?)
the Egyptian concept of vital essence or life force, where the spirits roam around at dusk and goes back at the mastaba at dawn
the Ka
heavy stones that are dropped through the slots of the royal mastaba to seal the chamber.
portcullises
This part of a mastaba is describes as a room for the statue of the deceased
Serdab
The part of a mastaba where the name of the deceased is inscribed
Stele
A part of a mastaba where the slot of portcullises are located
Tomb Shaft
a series of successively smaller mastabas one atop of another
Step Pyramid
is the world’s first large scale monument in stone with no free-standing columns. It was originally clad in polished white limestone.
Step Pyramid of Djozer
was originally planned as a true pyramid, but
the corners were built on unstable ground and the walls of the
burial chambers inside began to crack and shift inward.
Bent Pyramid
has the best preserved limestone outer sheath of any pyramid in Egypt
Bent Pyramid of Snefru, Dashur
Has a square base and four sloping triangular sides meeting at an apex
True Pyramid
4 parts of a Pyramid
a. Offering chapel
b. Mortuary temple (for the worship of the dead)
c. Causeway
d. Valley building (for interment & embalmment)
Is the oldest and largest (13 acres) of the 3 pyramids in the Giza Necropolis. It is the oldest of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.
Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)
a beautiful white limestone
White Tura Stone
Is a hollow space in the middle of a massive structure of stone
King’s chamber
4 stars where the Pyramid of Khufus narrow shafts are pointing to.
- Belt stars of Orion (Osiris)
- Sirius (Isis)
- Alpha Draco
- Kochab
is slightly smaller than the great Pyramid of Cheops & guarded by the Sphinx believed to bear the face of King Chephren
Pyramid of Chephren (Khafre)
is a mythical monster with the body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh, hawk or ram.
sphinx
The word sphinx literally means
“living image of the creator god Atum”
a sphinx with a body of a lion with a head of a man
Androsphinx
a sphinx with a body of a lion with a head of a ram
Criosphinx
is the smallest and the last among the 3 pyramids to be built in the Giza Plateau.
Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura, son of Chephren)
A type of a Rock-cut tomb were elaborately decorated tombs are carved into the limestone cliffs
Hillside Tombs
has 39 ancient rock-cut tombs
Tombs, Beni Hasan
a rock-cut tomb that contain stairways, passageways, corridors and burial chambers located below the valley floor.
Corridor Tombs
was the royal necropolis of Ancient Egypt where the kings & powerful nobles were buried.
Valley of the Kings, Luxor
How many items were recovered from the burial of Tutankhamun
3,500 items
is a place near the Valley of the Kings where wives of Pharaohs were buried in ancient times.
Valley of the Queens, Luxor
A type of temple that is used for the ministrations to deified pharaohs.
Mortuary Temple
A type of temple that is for the worship of the ancient and mysterious gods.
Cult Temple
the monumental gateway part of an Egyptian Temple
Pylon
The part of an Egyptian Temple that is surrounded by columns
Great Court
The part of an Egyptian Temple that is described as a forest of columns, portraying the illusion of infinity and vastness of space
Hypostyle Hall
The holiest part of an Egyptian Temple & accessible only to the king & high priests.
Sanctuary
is a tall 4-sided narrow tapering column terminating in a pyramidion, its most sacred part.
Obelisk
Keeps the portable barque for transporting the God during processions
Barque Shrine
Temple walls were designed with inward inclinations called?
Battered walls
was the last pagan temple to exist in the
Mediterranean. It was dedicated to goddess Isis, wife of Osiris & mother of Horus.
Temple of Isis, Philae
is the grandest of all Egyptian temples & built by many kings. It was most important sanctuary of the cult who worshipped the
sun god, Amun-Ra
Great Temple of Amun, Karnak
Form of pictographic writing in ancient Egypt
Hieroglyphics
A step pyramid can be found in
Sakkara
was mostly built by Amenophis III, dedicated to the Theban Triad of Amun, Mut & Khons
Temple of Luxor
is a rock-hewn temple with 4 rock-cut colossal statues of Rameses II, over 20 m. high
Great Temple, Abu Simbel
is a rock-hewn temple dedicated to
Rameses II’s deified queen, Nefertari & the goddess Hathor
Small Temple, Abu Simbel
Deir el-Bahari was built by Senmut & dedicated to the
sun god Amun-Ra.
It is connected to a corridor tomb.
Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Valley of the
Queens
Der-el-Bahari is directly related to a corridor tomb
Mortuary Temple of Mentuhetep
was a cult temple mostly done by Rameses III.
Temple of Khons, Karnak
The close-grained limestone wall relief is the finest in Egypt.
Temple of Seti I, Abydos
_______ by Rameses II, is a mortuary
temple of the cult type.
The Ramesseum, Thebes
built from sandstone blocks, is the
most completely preserved of all temple remains
Temple of Horus, Edfu
was built to celebrate the divine birth of Horus
Mammisi Temple, Edfu
is often referred to as a birth house of the
gods located within the temple complex
mammisi temple
is dedicated to Ihy (the son of Hathor and Horus)
Mammisi Temple at the Temple of Hathor, Dendera
long causeway or ceremonial avenue
Dromos
