Greece Flashcards
What is Herodotus known for?
The writer who invented the field of study of history.
What is Hippocrates known for?
Influential Greek physician, very important figure in the history of medicine, Hippocratic oath.
What is Aristotle known for?
He theorized that the Earth rotated around the sun.
What is Socrates known for?
He was one of the founders of Western philosophy.
What is Homer known for?
He wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey.
What is Archimedes known for?
He was a mathematician and made great discovered in physics.
What is Draco known for?
He was elected as the first leader of Athens in 621 BC, and changed Athenian law to apply to all citizens, even peasants.
What is Phillip II of Macedonia known for?
He was the King in 338 BC, defeated Greek states to add to his Empire, wanted to take over the Persian Empire, but was assassinated first.
What is Alexander the Great known for?
He expanded the Greek Empire to its largest size ever, conquered Egypt, Persia, Mesopotamia, and parts of India, spread Greek culture and influence which became unifying force, became known as Hellenistic age.
Why was Alexander the Great only able to conquer parts of India?
The elephants the Indians used in war scared the horses.
Zeus
God of the sky
Athena
Goddess of wisdom
Demeter
Goddess of harvest and crops.
Hades
God of the dead/underworld
Ares
God of war
Aphrodite
Goddess of love and beauty
Hephaistos
God of the forge
Poseidon
God of the sea
Hera
Goddess of marriage and childbirth
Hermes
God of thieves, messenger.
When and where was the Battle of Marathon?
[Persian Wars] 490 BC, 40km from Athens
What happened in the Battle of Marathon? [5]
- Miltiades led Athenian army to battle, sent Pheidippides to Sparta for help
- Spartans refused due to religious reasons, P. died after delivering message
- Persia outnumbered Athenians 10-1
- Athenians attacked first, put stronger men on the outside
- Long battle, thousands of Persians killed, 192 Athenians dead
Who won the Battle of Marathon?
Greeks
Why was the Battle of Marathon significant? [2]
- If Athenians lost, Persia would be able to take one of the greatest city-states, Athens, and could have put a stop to democracy
- The story of Pheidippides 250 km sprint made marathon running a popular sport.
When was the Battle of Thermopylae?
480 BC
What happened in the Battle of Thermopylae? [3]
- Xerxes sent 1200 ships and 180000 men to Thermopylae to take Greece
- Athens and Sparta came together to defend a narrow pass between mountains
- Traitor helped Persians surround Greeks, t’was a slaughter
Who won the Battle of Thermopylae?
Persians
Why was the Battle of Thermopylae significant? [2]
- First time city-states came together to defend Greece and fight off a common enemy
- Individual city-states begin to form into a collective nation
When was the Battle of Salamis?
September 480 BC
What happened in the Battle of Salamis? [4]
- Greeks sent false information to Xerxes (Athenians would support Persia as other city-states weren’t helping)
- City-states waiting in the straight of Salamis
- Greeks had advantage (they knew the strait better)
- Persia lost 200 ships, Greeks lost 40
Who won the Battle of Salamis?
Greeks
What was the significance of the Battle of Salamis? [3]
- Last big battle of the Persian war
- City-states were free from threat of Persian invasion
- Democracy was allowed to continue and thrive for many years.
In Classical Greece, who was allowed to participate in Athenian politics?
All men over the age of 18
Which class was on the bottom of the Spartan social hierarchy?
Helots
Which league did Sparta lead?
Peloponnesian League
Which league did Athens league?
Delian League
Where were dolphin frescos discovered?
The Palace of Knossos
Which area of Greece did the Mycenaeans control?
Peloponnese
Which innovation was discovered in the Palace of Knossos?
Water pipes
What factors led to the Peloponnesian war? [4]
- Greek city-states wanted to protect themselves, formed two leagues (Delian/Athens and Peloponnesian/Sparta)
- Spartan military became threat to Athens
- Sparta was unhappy with the Delian League control and wanted to expand
- Disagreed over political ideologies.
What happens when the Peloponnesian war begins? [3]
- 431 BC Sparta marches on Athens
- Leader of Athens was Pericles
- Sent forces to guard walls, ordered civilians to come inside walls for protection
How did the plague affect Athenian defences?
- Too many people in city, poor hygiene becomes problem
- 430 BC Plague hits, 1/3 of the population killed, including Athenian General
How did Alcibiades mess everything up for Athens? [4]
- Wanted to invade Syracuse (ally of Sparta) on island of Sicily, would be a huge loss for Sparta.
- Alcibiades launched a massive and expensive fleet to Syracuse in 415 BC
- Athenians concerned about financial and human costs
- Alcibiades terrible leader (exiled for his poor efforts), fleet defeated in Syracuse harbour
What were some terms of Athens surrender to Sparta? [3]
- Sparta’s allies wanted to destroy and enslave Athens
- Athens forced to surrender Empire and most of naval fleet
- City walls only torn down, possible thank you for Persian War.
What were the beginnings of Ancient Greek government? [3]
- Each city-state had their own gov’t
- Citizens included (adult males born there and who served in the army only)
- Most ruled by monarchy
Who were in charge in early Athenian governments?
They were ruled by a King, who was chosen by a Council of Elders made up by aristocrats.
What toppled early Athenian governments?
Wealthy merchants grew jealous of the power of the aristocrats and got weapons and armour to overthrow them. They took control and tyrants and often kept the power in their own family.
Who was elected as the first Athenian leader in 621 BC? What did he do?
Draco, and he changed Athenian law to apply to all citizens, even peasants.
What did Salon do to contribute to Athenian government? [3]
- Freed enslaved farmers
- Changed rules so any wealthy man could take power, not just landowners
- Formed Council of 400 (drafted legislations)
How did Pisistratus contribute to Athenian government?
Split up the land of the aristocrats and gave it to the landless
How did Cleisthenes contribute to Athenian government? [3]
- Split Athens into 10 sections based on wealth and class, and a rep was elected from each (10 Generals)
- Increased to the Council of 500
- Introduced ostracism (voted to exile bad citizens for 10 years, supposed to stop tyrants)
Describe the basics of Classical Greek democracy. [2]
- Adult males over 18 could be elected and vote
- People were elected to the Assembly, who then in turn elected the Council of 500.
What type of government did Spartans use?
Oligarchy
Describe the basics of Spartan oligarchy. [3]
- Led by two Kings born into power
- Kings , 5 Ephors , Council of Elders , Assembly
- Voted by shouting
What were some pros [4] and cons [3] of Spartan oligarchy?
PROS: -No tyrants -Rule as a group, more ideas and opinions -Had Ephors to keep Kings in check -Quick decisions, less debate CONS: -Majority have no say -Voted by shouting -Aristocrats could rule with cruelty
What were some pros [3] and cons [2] of Athenian democracy?
PROS:
-Majority have a say
-Government doesn’t have too much power
-Active citizenship (people are involved in political process)
CONS:
-Had to come to a concise decision, took a long time
-Some people wouldn’t have been informed?
What were the four main periods of Greek art?
- Geometric/Orientalizing (900 - 700 BC)
- Archaic (600 BC)
- Classical (480 - 323 BC)
- Hellenistic (323 BC)
What are the three periods of art in Classical Greece?
- Early (480 BC)
- High (450 BC)
- Late (400 BC)
