GRE 4 Flashcards
fern
/ fɜːn; fən
type of flowerless plant with feathery green leaves 蕨; 蕨类植物: ferns growing in pots 长在盆内的蕨类植物 * hillsides covered in fern 长满蕨 类植物的山坡 * a spray of ornamental fern 蕨类植物的枝状饰物. * ferny adj.
frond
/ frɔnd; frɑnd/ n leaf-like part of a fern or palm （蕨类或棕榈类的）叶.
frond:fern＝needle:pine复叶是蕨类植物的叶子＝针叶是松树植物的叶子
ferret
/ ˈferɪt; ˋfɛrɪt/
1 a : a domesticated usually albino, brownish, or silver-gray animal (Mustela putorius furo) that is descended from the European polecat b : BLACK-FOOTED FERRET 2 : an active and persistent searcher
–ferrety -ə-tē\ adjective
V.1 : to hunt with ferrets 2 : to search about transitive verb 1 a (1) : to hunt (as rabbits) with ferrets (2) : to force out of hiding : FLUSH b : to find and bring to light by searching ― usually used with out ferret out the answers I spent the day ferreting (about) in the attic (for old photographs). 我一整天都在阁楼上翻找（旧照片）. ferret out a secret, the truth, the facts, etc 查明秘密﹑ 真相﹑ 事实等.
2 : HARRY, WORRY
–ferreter noun
ferrous
1 : of, relating to, or containing iron 2 : being or containing divalent iron
IMPASSIONED, PASSIONATE, ARDENT, FERVENT, FERVID, PERFERVID
mean showing intense feeling. IMPASSIONED implies warmth and intensity without violence and suggests fluent verbal expression an impassioned plea for justice. PASSIONATE implies great vehemence and often violence and wasteful diffusion of emotion a passionate denunciation. ARDENT implies an intense degree of zeal, devotion, or enthusiasm an ardent supporter of human rights. FERVENT stresses sincerity and steadiness of emotional warmth or zeal fervent good wishes. FERVID suggests warmly and spontaneously and often feverishly expressed emotion fervid love letters. PERFERVID implies the expression of exaggerated or overwrought feelings perfervid expressions of patriotism.
fervour
1 : intensity of feeling or expression booing and cheering with almost equal fervor ― Alan Rich 2 : intense heat synonyms see PASSION
fervor:zealot＝doubt:skeptic＝improvidence:spendthrift狂热者热情＝怀疑者怀疑＝浪费者浪费ennui:enthusiastic＝fervor:apathetic无聊不是热情的＝热心不是冷漠的
fester
/ ˈfestə(r); ˋfɛstɚ/ v [I]
intransitive verb 1 : to generate pus 2 : PUTREFY, ROT 3 a : to cause increasing poisoning, irritation, or bitterness : RANKLE dissent festered unchecked The resentment festered in his mind. 他心中的愤恨有增无已.
b : to undergo or exist in a state of progressive deterioration allowed slums to fester transitive verb : to make inflamed or corrupt
fetid
/ ˈfetɪd, ˈfiːtɪd; ˋfɛtɪd, ˋfitɪd/ adj
: having a heavy offensive smell a fetid swamp synonyms see MALODOROUS
–fetidly adverb
–fetidness noun
MALODOROUS, STINKING, FETID, NOISOME, PUTRID, RANK, FUSTY, MUSTY mean bad-smelling. MALODOROUS may range from the unpleasant to the strongly offensive malodorous fertilizers. STINKING and FETID suggest the foul or disgusting prisoners were held in stinking cells the fetid odor of skunk cabbage. NOISOME adds a suggestion of being harmful or unwholesome as well as offensive a stagnant, noisome sewer. PUTRID implies particularly the sickening odor of decaying organic matter the putrid smell of rotting fish. RANK suggests a strong unpleasant smell rank cigar smoke. FUSTY and MUSTY suggest lack of fresh air and sunlight, FUSTY also implying prolonged uncleanliness, MUSTY stressing the effects of dampness, mildew, or age a fusty attic the musty odor of a damp cellar.
feud
/ fjuːd; fjud/ n
n long and bitter quarrel between two people, families or groups （两人﹑ 家族或团体间的）长期不和, 世仇: a long-standing feud 夙怨 * Because of a family feud, he never spoke to his wife’s parents for years. 由於两家不和, 他已多年不与岳父母说话.
> feud v [I, Ipr] ~ (with sb/sth) carry on a feud 长期争斗; 结世仇: feuding neighbours 长期不睦的邻居 * The two tribes are always feuding (with each other). 这两个部落一直争斗不休.
fiasco
/ fɪˈæskəu; fɪˋæsko/ n (pl ~s; US also ~es)
complete and ridiculous failure 彻底的失败; 惨败; 大出丑: The party was a total fiasco because the wrong date was given on the invitations. 那个聚会落得一场空, 因为请帖上的日期弄错了.
fiat
/ ˈfaɪæt; US also ˈfiːət; ˋfaɪæt, ˋfiət/ n [C, U]
1 : a command or act of will that creates something without or as if without further effort 2 : an authoritative determination : DICTATE a fiat of conscience 3 : an authoritative or arbitrary order : DECREE government by fiat The opening of a market stall is governed by municipal fiat. 开设市场摊位受市政法令管制.
fickle
: marked by lack of steadfastness, constancy, or stability : given to erratic changeableness fickle weather, fortune 变化无常的天气﹑ 变幻莫测的命运 * a fickle person, lover, etc, ie not faithfulor loyal 出尔反尔的人﹑ 用情不专的情人. * ficklenessn [U]: the fickleness of the English climate 英国气候之多变.
fictitious
/ fɪkˈtɪʃəs; fɪkˋtɪʃəs/ adj
1 : of, relating to, or characteristic of fiction : IMAGINARY 2 a : conventionally or hypothetically assumed or accepted a fictitious concept b of a name : FALSE, ASSUMED 3 : not genuinely felt
–fictitiously adverb
–fictitiousness noun synonyms FICTITIOUS, FABULOUS, LEGENDARY, MYTHICAL, APOCRYPHAL mean having the nature of something imagined or invented. FICTITIOUS implies fabrication and suggests artificiality or contrivance more than deliberate falsification or deception fictitious characters. FABULOUS stresses the marvelous or incredible character of something without necessarily implying impossibility or actual nonexistence a land of fabulous riches. LEGENDARY suggests the elaboration of invented details and distortion of historical facts produced by popular tradition the legendary exploits of Davy Crockett. MYTHICAL implies a purely fanciful explanation of facts or the creation of beings and events out of the imagination mythical creatures. APOCRYPHAL implies an unknown or dubious source or origin or may imply that the thing itself is dubious or inaccurate a book that repeats many apocryphal stories.
fig
/ fɪg; fɪɡ/ n soft sweet fruit, full of small seeds and often eaten dried 无花果. (also fig-tree) tree with broad leaves on which this grows 无花果树. (idm 习语) not care/give a fig (for sb/sth) not care at all; consider (sb/sth) valueless or unimportant 毫不理会; 认为（某人[某事物]）毫无价值或微不足道: I don’t care a fig what others think of me. 我毫不在乎别人对我有什麽想法.# `fig-leaf n leaf of a fig-tree, traditionally used for covering the genital organs of nude bodies in drawings, statues, etc 无花果树叶（传统上用作裸体画像﹑ 雕像等的阴部覆盖物）.
figment
/ ˈfɪgmənt; ˋfɪɡmənt/ n
: something made up or contrived
a figment of sb’s imagination 凭空想像出来的事物
file
/ faɪl; faɪl/ n metal tool with a rough surface for cutting, smoothing or shaping hard substances 锉; 锉刀.
> file v
[Tn, Tn.pr, Cn.a] cut, smooth or shape (sth) with a file 用锉切削（某物）: file one’s fingernails 锉指甲 * file sth smooth 把某物锉光滑 * file an iron bar in two 把铁棒锉成两截.
(phr v) file sth down make sth smooth and smaller in size by using a file 将某物锉光滑﹑ 锉小. filings / ˈfaɪlɪŋz; ˋfaɪlɪŋz/ n [pl] particles removed by a file 锉屑: iron filings 铁屑. file 2
/ faɪl; faɪl/ n
(a) any of various types of drawer, shelf, holder, cover, box, etc, usu with a wire or metal rod for keeping loose papers together and in order, for reference purposes （存放文件﹑ 公文﹑ 卷宗﹑ 档案等的）抽屉﹑ 架子﹑ 夹子﹑ 封皮﹑ 箱子等: I need another file for my letters. 我还需要一个存放信件的夹子. (b) file and its contents 存放文件等的用具及其中的文件; 档案; 卷宗: Where’s the file of our recent correspondence? 我们近期的信件卷宗在哪里? * have/open/keep a file on each member of staff 有[设立/保管]每个职员的档案.
organized collection of related data or material in a computer （计算机）文件: I can’t access the file on your company because I’ve forgotten the code. 我无法取出贵公司的文件, 因为我把代码忘了.
(idm 习语) on file kept in a file 存档; 归档: We have all your particulars on file. 我们已把你的全部资料存档.
> file / faɪl; faɪl/ v
1 [Tn, Tn.pr, Tn.p] ~ sth (away) place sth in a file; store sth where it can be consulted 将某物归档: file (away) letters in a drawer 把信件归档放入抽屉中.
2 [Tn] send (sth) so that it may be recorded 送交（某物）以便备案; 提交: file an application for divorce 提交离婚申请书.
# filing clerk (US file clerk) person who files correspondence, etc and does general office tasks 档案管理员. file 3
/ faɪl; faɪl/ n
line of people or things one behind the other 排成行的人或物.
(idm 习语) (in) Indian/single file (in) one line, one behind the other （成）单行. Cf 参看 the rank and file (rank1).
> file v [I, Ipr, Ip] ~ in, out, off, past, etc march or walk in the specified direction in a single line 排成单行沿某方向前进或行走: The men filed onto the parade ground and past the general. 士兵们排成单行进入阅兵场自将
filibuster
/ ˈfɪlɪbʌstə(r); ˋfɪləˏbʌstɚ/ n (esp US)
person who tries to delay or prevent the making of decisions in (esp parliamentary) meetings by making long speeches 以冗长的演说拖延或阻挠会议（尤指议会）做出决定的人.
such a speech 此种冗长的演说.
> filibuster v [I] (esp US) act as a filibuster （以冗长演说）拖延或阻挠: filibustering tactics 藉冗长演说来拖延的战术.
filigree
1 : ornamental work especially of fine wire of gold, silver, or copper applied chiefly to gold and silver surfaces 2 a : ornamental openwork of delicate or intricate design b : a pattern or design resembling such openwork a filigree of frost c : ORNAMENTATION, EMBELLISHMENT writings⋯heavy with late Victorian filigree ― Jack Beattyfiligree brooch 银丝胸针 * filigree ear-rings 金丝耳环.
chiaroscuro
/ kɪ,ɑːrə`skuərəu; kɪ,ɑrəˋskʊro/
n [U] (art 美术) treatment of the light and dark parts in a painting 明暗对照法（绘画中明暗部分的处理法）. use of contrast in literature, music, etc （文学﹑ 音乐等中使用的）对比法.
finale
/ fɪˈnɑːlɪ; US -ˈnælɪ; fəˋnælɪ/
last part of a piece of music or a drama, etc 终曲, 结局（音乐﹑ 戏剧等的最终部分）: the grand finale of a pantomine 童话剧的大结局.
finesse
/ fɪ`nes; fəˋnɛs/ n
[U] skill in dealing with people or situations cleverly or tactfully 手段; 策略: show finesse in averting a threatened strike 在避免一触即发的罢工中显示出深谋大略 * He wheedled money from his father with considerable finesse. 他耍了个手腕儿花言巧语地从父亲那里得到了钱. [C] (in card-games) attempt to win a trick(5) by playing a card that is not the highest one held （纸牌戏中）偷牌（打出手中并非最大的牌以赢得一墩的手法）.* finesse v [Tn] (in card-games) play (a card) as part of a finesse(2) （纸牌戏中）为偷牌打出（一张牌）而赢得一墩: She succeeded in finessing her queen. 她为偷牌打出Q而赢得一墩.
finicky
/ ˈfɪnɪkɪ; ˋfɪnɪkɪ/
1 : extremely or excessively particular, exacting, or meticulous in taste or standards a finicky eater 2 : requiring much care, precision, or attentive effort a finicky recipe
–finickiness noun
prudish:propriety＝finicky:quality过分拘谨的过分注意礼节＝过分挑剔的过分注意质量fluent:glib＝meticulous:finicky『humorous:wry』特别流利的是油嘴滑舌的＝特别仔细的是挑剔的
fiscal
/ ˈfɪskl; ˋfɪskl/ adj
of or related to government money or public money, usu taxes 国库的; 公款的; （通常指）岁入的; 财政的: the government’s fiscal policy 政府的财政政策.
flaccid
1 a : not firm or stiff also : lacking normal or youthful firmness flaccid muscles b of a plant part : deficient in turgor 2 : lacking vigor or force flaccid leadership
–flaccidity \fla(k)-‘si-də-tē\ noun
–flaccidly 'fla(k)-səd-lē\ adverb
flail
/ fleɪl; flel/
n tool consisting of a stick swinging from a long handle, used esp formerly to separate grain from chaff 连枷（有长柄的农具, 尤於旧时作打谷用）.
> flail v
[I, Tn] (cause sth to) wave or swing about wildly （使某物）乱摇或乱摆: The dying lamb fell, its legs flailing (about) helplessly. 小羊快要死了, 倒在地上四条腿又踢又蹬. * flail one’s arms/hands above one’s head 将双臂[双手]举过头顶摇动.
[Tn] beat (sth) (as if) with a flail （似）用连枷打（某物）.
flak
1 : antiaircraft guns 2 : the bursting shells fired from flak 3 also flack : CRITICISM, OPPOSITIONThe plans for the new tax have come in for a lot of flak, ie have been very strongly criticized. 新的税务计画遭到了猛烈抨击.
flak jacket heavy protective jacket reinforced with metal （衬有金属片的）防护衣; 避弹衣.
flamboyant
1 often capitalized : characterized by waving curves suggesting flames flamboyant tracery flamboyant architecture 2 : marked by or given to strikingly elaborate or colorful display or behavior a flamboyant performer
–flamboyantly adverb
flare 1
/ fleə(r); flɛr/ v
v
[I] burn brightly but briefly or unsteadily 燃烧; 闪耀: The match flared in the darkness. 火柴的光亮在黑暗中一闪. * flaring gas jets 闪耀着的煤气火焰.
[I] (fig 比喻) burst into sudden activity or anger （行动或愤怒）爆发: Tempers flared at the conference. 会上群情激奋.
(phr v) flare up (a) burn suddenly more intensely 火焰突然变旺: The fire flared up as I put more logs on it. 我加上了几块木柴, 火顿时旺起来. (b) reach a more violent state; suddenly become angry 达到更激烈的状态; 突然发怒: Violence has flared up again. 暴乱又起. * He flares up at the slightest provocation. 稍一激他, 他就大发脾气. (c) (of an illness) recur （指疾病）复发: My back trouble has flared up again. 我的後背又疼起来了.
> flare n
1 (usu sing 通常作单数) bright and unsteady or brief light or flame （耀眼而摇曳的）闪光或火焰: the sudden flare of a torch in the darkness 手电筒的光在黑暗中的一闪.
2 (device that produces a) flaring light used esp as a signal 闪光（装置）（尤指用作信号的）: The captain of the sinking ship used flares to attract the attention of the coastguard. 轮船正在下沉, 船长向海岸巡逻队发出闪光信号求救.
# flare-path line of lights on a runway to guide aircraft landing or taking off （供飞行器用的）照明跑道.
flare-up n 1 sudden burst of light or flame （光或火焰的）突然闪耀. 2 sudden outburst of strong or violent activity or feeling （激烈行动或情感的）爆发. flare 2
/ fleə(r); flɛr/ v [I, Ip, Tn esp passive 尤用於被动语态] (cause sth to) become wider at the bottom （使某物）底部变宽: This skirt flares (out) at the hem. 这条裙子的下摆张得很大. * Her nostrils flared angrily. 她气得鼻孔鼓了起来. * flared trousers 喇叭裤. Cf 参看 taper2.
> flare n
gradual widening; flared shape 逐渐加宽; 喇叭状: a skirt with a slight flare 略成喇叭状的裙子.
flares [pl] (infml 口) flared trousers 喇叭裤.
flatten
transitive verb : to make flat: as a : to make level or smooth b : to knock down also : to defeat decisively E: He was totally flattened by her sarcasm. 她说的挖苦话使他无地自容c : to make dull or uninspired ― often used with out d : to make (as paint) lusterless e : to stabilize especially at a lower level intransitive verb : to become flat or flatter: as a : to become dull or spiritless b : to extend in or into a flat position or form c : to become uniform or stabilized often at a new lower level ― usually used with out
The land flattens out near the coast. 海岸附近地势变得很平坦. * The graph flattens out gradually after a steep fall. 图表上的曲线突降之後逐渐趋於平稳. * a field of wheat flattened by storms 因暴风雨而倒伏的一片小麦 * flatten (out) a piece of metal by hammering it 把一块金属砸平 * flatten oneself against a wall to let people get by 紧贴墙站直, 以便他人通过.
–flattener -nər\ noun
flaw
/ flɔː; flɔ/ n
crack or fault (in an object or in material); imperfection （物体或材料的）裂纹或缺陷, 瑕疵: This vase would be perfect but for a few small flaws in its base. 这花瓶底部没有那几个小斑点就十全十美了. mistake that lessens the effectiveness or validity of sth 错误; 缺点: an argument full of flaws 错误百出的论点 * a flaw in a contract 合同中的一个漏洞. weak part in sb’s character （某人性格上的）缺陷: Pride was the greatest flaw in his personality. 傲慢是他品格上的最大缺陷.* flaw v [Tn usu passive 通常用於被动语态] cause (sth) to have a flaw 使（某事物）有缺陷: His reasoning can’t be flawed. 他的推理无懈可击. * a flawed masterpiece, ie a work of art that is very great despite its minor faults 有瑕疵的杰作.flawless adj perfect 无瑕的; 完美的: a flawless complexion 无?斑的面容 * a flawless performance 完美的表演. flawlessly adv.
fledge
intransitive verb of a young bird : to acquire the feathers necessary for flight or independent activity also : to leave the nest after acquiring such feathers transitive verb 1 : to rear until ready for flight or independent activity 2 : to cover with or as if with feathers or down 3 : to furnish (as an arrow) with feathers
flimsy
/ ˈflɪmzɪ; ˋflɪmzɪ/ adj (-ier, -iest)
1 a : lacking in physical strength or substance flimsy silks b : of inferior materials and workmanship 2 : having little worth or plausibility a flimsy excuse
–flimsily -zə-lē\ adverb
–flimsiness -zē-nəs\ noun
flint
1 : a massive hard dark quartz that produces a spark when struck by steel 2 : an implement of flint used in prehistoric cultures 3 a : a piece of flint b : a material used for producing a spark especially : an alloy (as of iron and cerium) used in lighters 4 : something resembling flint in hardness –flintlike \-ˌlīk\ adjective flinty adj (-ier, -iest) 1 made of flint; very hard, like flint 燧石的; 燧石般坚硬的. 2 cruel; unyielding 冷酷的; 坚定不移的: a flinty heart 铁石心肠.# `flintlock n old-fashioned gun, in which the gunpowder is lit by a spark struck from a flint 火石簧扳枪. pestle:grind＝spoon:stirring『flint stone:sharpen』『scissor:cutting』『pencil: recording』研棒用来研磨＝勺用来搅拌『燧石:磨锋利』『剪刀:剪』『铅笔:记录』"
flip
transitive verb 1 : to toss so as to cause to turn over in the air flip a coin also : TOSS flip me the ball flip one end of the scarf over your shoulder 2 a : to cause to turn and especially to turn over flipped the car flipping the pages of a book b : to move with a small quick motion flip a switch intransitive verb 1 : to make a twitching or flicking movement the fish flipped and flopped on the deck also : to change from one position to another and especially turn over the car flipped 2 : LEAF 2 flipped through the pages 3 slang a : to lose one’s mind or composure ― often used with out b : to become very enthusiastic
flop
intransitive verb 1 : to swing or move loosely : FLAP 2 : to throw or move oneself in a heavy, clumsy, or relaxed manner flopped into the chair 3 : to change or turn suddenly 4 : to go to bed a place to flop at night 5 : to fail completely the play flopped transitive verb : to move or drop heavily or noisily : cause to flop flopped the bundles down
–flopper noun
flop n 1 (usu sing 通常作单数) flopping movement or sound 笨拙的移动或凌乱的落下或这种声音. 2 (infml 口) total failure (of a book, play, etc) （书﹑ 戏剧等的）彻底失败: Despite all the publicity, her latest novel was a complete flop. 她的最新小说尽管广为宣传, 结果还是彻底失败.flop adv with a flop 扑通一声: fall flop into the water 扑通一声掉进水里.floppy adj (-ier, -iest) tending to flop; soft and flexible; falling loosely （笨拙地﹑ 不由自主地或松弛地）移动或落下的; 松软的; 松弛下垂的: a floppy hat 松软的帽子. n (infml 口) = floppy disk. floppy disk (also floppy, diskette) (computing 计) flexible disk for recording and storing data in a form that a computer can read 软磁盘. =*illus at computer 见computer插图. Cf 参看 hard disk (hard1).
flit
v.
1 : to pass quickly or abruptly from one place or condition to another
A thought flitted through my mind, ie came suddenly but then quickly disappeared. 在我头脑中有一闪念.2 archaic : ALTER, SHIFT 3 : to move in an erratic fluttering manner
flora
/ ˈflɔːrə; ˋflɔrəl/ n
[pl] all the plants of a particular area or period of time （某地区或时代的）一切植物, 植物区系: the flora of the Himalayas, the Palaeozoic era 喜马拉雅山的﹑ 古生代的植物系. Cf 参看 fauna.
florid
/ ˈflɔrɪd; US ˈflɔːr-; ˋflɔrɪd/ adj
1 a obsolete : covered with flowers b : very flowery in style : ORNATE florid prose florid declamations also : having a florid style a florid writer c : elaborately decorated a florid interior 2 a : tinged with red : RUDDY a florid complexion b : marked by emotional or sexual fervor a florid secret life a florid sensibility 3 archaic : HEALTHY 4 : fully developed : manifesting a complete and typical clinical syndrome the florid stage of a disease
–floridity \flə-‘ri-də-tē, flȯ-\ noun
–floridly 'flȯr-əd-lē, ‘flär-\ adverb
–floridness -nəs\ noun
flounder 1
/ ˈflaundə(r); ˋflaʊndɚ/ v
n. : FLATFISH especially : a marine fish of either of two families (Pleuronectidae and Bothidae) that include important food fishes
v. : FLATFISH especially : a marine fish of either of two families (Pleuronectidae and Bothidae) that include important food fishes
flourish
intransitive verb 1 : to grow luxuriantly : THRIVE This species of flower flourishes in a warm climate. 这种花在温暖的气候中长得茂盛. * All the family are flourishing. 全家人身体都很2 a : to achieve success : PROSPER a flourishing business b : to be in a state of activity or production flourished around 1850 c : to reach a height of development or influence
No new business can flourish in the present economic climate. 在目前的经济气候中, 任何新生意都兴旺不起来. * a flourishing squash club 兴旺的壁球俱乐部In Germany the baroque style of art flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries. 在德国, 巴罗克艺术风格在17和18世纪非常盛行.3 : to make bold and sweeping gestures E: He stormed into the office, flourishing a letter of complaint. 他挥舞着一封投诉信冲进了办公室.transitive verb : to wield with dramatic gestures : BRANDISH synonyms see SWING
–flourisher noun
–flourishingly -i-shiŋ-lē\ adverb
n.1 : an act or instance of brandishing or waving E: He opened the door for her with a flourish. 他潇洒地为她打开了门.2 a : a florid bit of speech or writing rhetorical flourishes b : an ornamental stroke in writing or printing c : a decorative or finishing detail a house with clever little flourishes 3 : FANFARE 4 a : a period of thriving b : a luxuriant growth or profusion a flourish of white hair a springtime flourish of color 5 : showiness in the doing of something opened the door with a flourish 6 : a sudden burst a flourish of activity
flout
/ flaut; flaʊt/
transitive verb : to treat with contemptuous disregard : SCORN flouting the rules
flout the law, (a) convention, the rules 藐视法律﹑ 传统﹑ 规则等 * flout sb’s advice 轻视某人的劝告.intransitive verb : to indulge in scornful behavior synonyms see SCOFF usage see FLAUNT
–flouter noun
fluff
/ flʌf; flʌf/ n
n [U] (a) soft feathery pieces of material shed by blankets, etc （毛毯等落下的）绒毛: My best sweater is covered with fluff. 我那件最好的毛衣上满是绒毛. (b) soft fur or down of animals or birds （禽兽的）绒毛. [C] (infml 口) unsuccessful attempt at sth; mistake or blunder 未成功的尝试; 错误; 失误. (idm 习语) bit of crumpet/fluff/skirt/stuff (Brit sl sexist 俚, 性别偏见) pretty girl or woman 漂亮的女子.* fluff v 1 [Tn, Tn.p] ~ sth (out/up) shake sth into a soft full mass; puff or spread sth out lightly 抖开某物; 抖松某物: fluff up the pillows 抖松枕头 * The bird fluffed (out) its feathers. 那鸟抖抖身子蓬开羽毛. 2 [Tn] (infml 口) be unsuccessful at doing (sth); perform (sth) badly; bungle 未做成（某事物）; 将（某事）搞坏; 出错: fluff a stroke, eg in golf 击球失误（如高尔夫球） * fluff one’s lines in a play 说错剧中台词 * He really fluffed his exams. 他的确考糟了.fluffy adj (-ier, -iest) 1 like fluff; covered with fluff 似绒毛的; 有绒毛的: Most animals are soft and fluffy when first born. 大多数动物刚出生时都很软, 身上有绒毛. 2 soft, light and airy 蓬松的; 松软的: light and fluffy mashed potatoes 松软的土豆泥.
2 : lacking in meaning or substance : SUPERFICIAL 2C
fluke 1
/ fluːk; fluk/
1 : an accidentally successful stroke at billiards or pool 2 : a stroke of luck the discovery was a fluke
Passing the exam was a real fluke he didn’t work for it at all. 他考试及格实在是侥幸, 因为他根本没下过功夫. * That shot was a sheer fluke. 那完全是靠侥幸击中的. * fluky (also flukey) adj
fluster
transitive verb 1 : to make tipsy 2 : to put into a state of agitated confusion : UPSET intransitive verb : to move or behave in an agitated or confused manner
Don’t get flustered! 不要慌张!synonyms see DISCOMPOSE
–flusteredly adverb
fluvial
/ ˈfluːvɪəl; ˋfluvɪəl/ adj
1 : of, relating to, or living in a stream or river 2 : produced by the action of a stream a fluvial plain
fluvial deposits of mud 河中的淤泥.
fluvial:river＝sidereal:star 河流的对河流＝恒星的对恒星”
foil 1
/ fɔɪl; fɔɪl/
v. 1 obsolete : TRAMPLE 2 a : to prevent from attaining an end : DEFEAT always able to foil her enemies b : to bring to naught : THWART foiled the plot synonyms see FRUSTRATE
n. 1 obsolete : TRAMPLE 2 a : to prevent from attaining an end : DEFEAT always able to foil her enemies b : to bring to naught : THWART foiled the plot synonyms see FRUSTRATE
cusp
/ kʌsp; kʌsp/ n
: POINT, APEX: as a : a point of transition (as from one historical period to the next) : TURNING POINT also : EDGE, VERGE on the cusp of stardom b : either horn of a crescent moon c : a fixed point on a mathematical curve at which a point tracing the curve would exactly reverse its direction of motion d : an ornamental pointed projection formed by or arising from the intersection of two arcs or foils e (1) : a point on the grinding surface of a tooth (2) : a fold or flap of a cardiac valve
–cuspate 'kəs-ˌpāt, -pət\ adjective
veneer
1 : a thin sheet of a material: as a : a layer of wood of superior value or excellent grain to be glued to an inferior wood b : any of the thin layers bonded together to form plywood c : a plastic or porcelain coating bonded to the surface of a cosmetically imperfect tooth 2 : a protective or ornamental facing (as of brick or stone) 3 : a superficial or deceptively attractive appearance, display, or effect : FACADE, GLOSS a veneer of tolerance
a thin veneer of Western civilization 西方文明之金玉其外
v.1 : to overlay or plate (as a common wood) with a thin layer of finer wood for outer finish or decoration broadly : to face with a material giving a superior surface 2 : to cover over with a veneer especially : to conceal (as a defect of character) under a superficial and deceptive attractiveness
veneer a deal desk with walnut 给松木书桌镶上胡桃木薄板.
–veneerer noun
foible
/ ˈfɔɪbl; ˋfɔɪbl/ n
1 : the part of a sword or foil blade between the middle and point 2 : a minor flaw or shortcoming in character or behavior : WEAKNESS admired their teacher despite his foibles synonyms see FAULT
foible:flaw＝quibble:objection 小缺点对缺点＝轻微反对对反对tiff:squabble＝foible:failing『squabble: quarrel』小争吵对争吵＝小缺点对缺点『争吵:争吵』”
folklore
1 : traditional customs, tales, sayings, dances, or art forms preserved among a people 2 : a branch of knowledge that deals with folklore 3 : an often unsupported notion, story, or saying that is widely circulated –folkloric \-ˌlȯr-ik\ adjective –folklorish \-ish\ adjective –folklorist \-ist\ noun –folkloristic \ˌfōk-ˌlȯr-'is-tik
foment
/ fəuˈment; foˋmɛnt/ v
: to promote the growth or development of : ROUSE, INCITE foment a rebellion synonyms see INCITE
–fomenter noun
foolproof
/ ˈfuːlpruːf; ˋfulˋpruf/ adj
: so simple, plain, or reliable as to leave no opportunity for error, misuse, or failure a foolproof plan
foppish
1 obsolete : FOOLISH, SILLY 2 a : characteristic of a fop a foppish dressing gown b : behaving or dressing in the manner of a fop
–foppishly adverb
–foppishness noun
forage
/ ˈfɔrɪdʒ; US ˈfɔːr-; ˋfɔrɪdʒ/
1 : food for animals especially when taken by browsing or grazing 2 [2forage] : the act of foraging : search for provisions
transitive verb 1 : to strip of provisions : collect forage from 2 : to secure by foraging foraged a chicken for the feast intransitive verb 1 : to wander in search of forage or food 2 : to secure forage (as for horses) by stripping the country 3 : RAVAGE, RAID 4 : to make a search : RUMMAGE
One group left the camp to forage for firewood. 一些人离开营地去寻找木柴. * She foraged (ie rummaged) about in her handbag, but couldn’t find her keys. 她翻遍了手提包, 就是找不到钥匙.
–forager noun
forbear 1
/ fɔːˈbeə(r); fɔrˋbɛr/
transitive verb 1 obsolete : to do without 2 : to hold oneself back from especially with an effort forbore mentioning the incident 3 obsolete : to leave alone : SHUN forbear his presence ― Shakespeare intransitive verb 1 : HOLD BACK, ABSTAIN have forborne from taking part in any controversy ― Abraham Lincoln 2 : to control oneself when provoked : be patient
–forbearer noun
forbid
/ fəˈbɪd; fɚˋbɪd/ v (pt forbade / fəˈbd; US fəˈbeɪd; fɚˋbed/ or forbad / fəˈbd; fɚˋbæd/, pp forbidden/ fəˈbɪdn; fɚˋbɪdn/)
1 : to proscribe from or as if from the position of one in authority : command against the law forbids stores to sell liquor to minors her mother forbids her to go 2 : to hinder or prevent as if by an effectual command space forbids further treatment here
–forbidder noun synonyms FORBID, PROHIBIT, INTERDICT, INHIBIT mean to debar one from doing something or to order that something not be done. FORBID implies that the order is from one in authority and that obedience is expected smoking is forbidden in the building. PROHIBIT suggests the issuing of laws, statutes, or regulations prohibited the sale of liquor. INTERDICT implies prohibition by civil or ecclesiastical authority usually for a given time or a declared purpose practices interdicted by the church. INHIBIT implies restraints or restrictions that amount to prohibitions, not only by authority but also by the exigencies of the time or situation conditions inhibiting the growth of free trade.
ford
n. : a shallow part of a body of water that may be crossed by wading
v. : to cross (a body of water) by wading
foreknow
: to have previous knowledge of : know beforehand especially by paranormal means or by revelation
FORESEE, FOREKNOW, DIVINE, ANTICIPATE mean to know beforehand. FORESEE implies nothing about how the knowledge is derived and may apply to ordinary reasoning and experience economists should have foreseen the recession. FOREKNOW usually implies supernatural assistance, as through revelation if only we could foreknow our own destinies. DIVINE adds to FORESEE the suggestion of exceptional wisdom or discernment was able to divine Europe’s rapid recovery from the war. ANTICIPATE implies taking action about or responding emotionally to something before it happens the waiter anticipated our every need.
forestall
1 : to prevent the normal trading in by buying or diverting goods or by persuading persons to raise prices 2 archaic : INTERCEPT 3 obsolete : OBSTRUCT, BESET 4 : to exclude, hinder, or prevent by prior occupation or measures 5 : to get ahead of : ANTICIPATE
forestall a competitor, a rival, etc 抢在竞争者﹑ 对手之前行动 * I had my objection all prepared, but Stephens forestalled me. 我已做好准备要提出反对意见, 不料斯蒂芬斯却抢先了一步.synonyms see PREVENT
–forestaller noun
horticulture
/ ˈhɔːtɪkʌltʃə(r); ˋhɔrtɪˏkʌltʃɚ/
n [U] art of growing flowers, fruit and vegetables; gardening 园艺; 园艺学.* horticultural / ˏhɔːtɪkʌltʃərəl; ˏhɔrtɪˋkʌltʃərəl/ adj: a horticultural show, society, expert 园艺展览﹑ 协会﹑ 专家.horticulturist / ˏhɔːtɪkʌltʃərɪst; ˏhɔrtɪˋkʌltʃərɪst/ personwho practises horticulture; skilled gardener 园艺家; 园艺学家.
forfeit
1 : something forfeited or subject to being forfeited (as for a crime, offense, or neglect of duty) : PENALTY 2 : forfeiture especially of civil rights 3 a : something deposited (as for making a mistake in a game) and then redeemed on payment of a fine b plural : a game in which forfeits are exacted
Give me your watch as a forfeit. 你输了, 罚你把手表交给我.
2forfeit 2 n.
Function: transitive verb
Date: 14th century
1 : to lose or lose the right to especially by some error, offense, or crime
Passengers who cancel their reservations will forfeit their deposit. 旅客取消预订票者, 定金不予退还. * He has forfeited the right to represent the people. 已撤销他代表人民的资格. * The couple forfeited their independence in order to help those less fortunate. 这对夫妇把富裕出的钱都拿出来帮助那些受难的人.2 : to subject to confiscation as a forfeit also : ABANDON, GIVE UP
–forfeitable -fə-tə-bəl\ adjective
–forfeiter noun
3forfeit 3 n.
Function: adjective
Date: 14th century
: forfeited or subject to forfeiture
: All goods may be forfeit to the State in time of war. 战时所有的货物都可能被国家徵用.
forfeiture / `fɔːfɪtʃə(r); ˋfɔrfɪtʃɚ/ n [U] ~ (of sth) (act of) forfeiting sth 丧失; 放弃; 没收: (the) forfeiture of one’s property 放弃财产.
forge
1forge 1 n. Pronunciation: 'fȯrj Function: noun Etymology: Middle English, from Anglo-French, from Latin fabrica, from fabr-, faber smith Date: 13th century 1 : a furnace or a shop with its furnace where metal is heated and wrought : SMITHY 2 : a workshop where wrought iron is produced or where iron is made malleable 2forge 2 n. Function: verb Inflected Form: forged ; forging Date: 14th century transitive verb 1 a : to form (as metal) by heating and hammering b : to form (metal) by a mechanical or hydraulic press with or without heat 2 : to make or imitate falsely especially with intent to defraud : COUNTERFEIT *forge a document* *forge a signature* 3 : to form or bring into being especially by an expenditure of effort *working to forge party unity* intransitive verb 1 : to work at a forge 2 : to commit forgery –forgeability \ˌfȯr-jə-'bi-lə-tē\ noun –forgeable \'fȯr-jə-bəl\ adjective 3forge 3 n. Function: intransitive verb Inflected Form: forged ; forging Etymology: origin unknown Date: 1611 1 : to move forward slowly and steadily *the ship forged ahead through heavy seas* 2 : to move with a sudden increase of speed and power *forged into the lead* *forged ahead in marketing the product*
forgo
1 : to give up the enjoyment or advantage of : do without
The workers agreed to forgo a pay increase for the sake of greater job security. 工人们为了工作更保险, 同意放弃增加工资的要求.
2 archaic : FORSAKE
–forgoer -‘gō-ər\ noun
forte
/ `fɔːteɪ; US fɔːrt; fɔrt/ n (usu sing 通常作单数) thing that sb does particularly well; strong point 某人擅长的事; 长处; 特长: Mathematics was never my forte. 数学一向非我所长.
forthright
/ ˈfɔːθraɪt; fɔrθˋraɪt/
1 archaic a : directly forward b : without hesitation : FRANKLY 2 archaic : at once
adj.1 archaic : proceeding straight on 2 : free from ambiguity or evasiveness : going straight to the point a forthright critic was forthright in appraising the problem He has a reputation for being a forthright critic. 他是以直率着称的评论家. * condemnation in the most forthright language 直言不讳的谴责.3 : notably simple in style or quality forthright furniture
–forthrightly adverb
–forthrightness noun
fortitude
1 : strength of mind that enables a person to encounter danger or bear pain or adversity with courage 2 obsolete : STRENGTH
fosse
: DITCH, MOAT
moat
1 : a deep and wide trench around the rampart of a fortified place (as a castle) that is usually filled with water 2 : a channel resembling a moat (as about a seamount or for confinement of animals in a zoo)
–moated 'mō-təd\ adjective
foster
v.
1 : to give parental care to : NURTURE 2 : to promote the growth or development of : ENCOURAGE fostered the college in its early years foster an interest, attitude, impression, etc 培养兴趣﹑ 滋长某种情绪﹑ 加深印象 * foster the growth of local industries 扶植地方工业.
–fosterer -tər-ər\ noun
foul
1 a : offensive to the senses : LOATHSOME b : filled or covered with offensive matter 2 : full of dirt or mud E: foul stagnant ponds 臭烘烘的死水塘 * a foul rubbish dump 又脏又臭的垃圾堆 * This medicine tastes foul! 这药味让人恶心!3 a : morally or spiritually odious : DETESTABLE a foul crime a foul crime 邪恶的罪行. b : notably unpleasant or distressing : WRETCHED, HORRID in a foul mood Go away! I’ve had a foul day at work.’ ‘走开! 我干了一天活儿够受的了.’ * His boss has a foul temper. 他的老板的脾气很坏4 : OBSCENE, ABUSIVE foul language 5 a : being wet and stormy b : obstructive to navigation a foul tide The spring was foul this year it was cold and wet for weeks. 今春天气恶劣–一连几个星期又冷又潮湿.6 dialect British : HOMELY, UGLY 7 a : TREACHEROUS, DISHONORABLE fair means or foul b : constituting an infringement of rules in a game or sport a foul blow in boxing a foul stroke 犯规的一击.8 : containing marked-up corrections a foul manuscript foul proofs 9 : encrusted, clogged, or choked with a foreign substance the chimney was foul and smoked badly 10 : being odorous and impure : POLLUTED foul air 11 : placed in a situation that impedes physical movement : ENTANGLED 12 : being outside the foul lines in baseball
by ,fair means or foul somehow or other, whether by good or evil methods 千方百计; 不择手段: She's determined to win, by fair means or foul. 她决心要赢, 那怕是不择手段.fall foul of sb/sth have a confrontation or disagreement with sb/sth, esp the government or the authorities 与某人[某事物]冲突或不一致（尤指与政府或当局）: The police never caught him in any criminal activity but he eventually fell foul of the tax authorities. 警方从未当场见到他有犯罪活动, 但他最终却与税务局惹上了官非.synonyms see DIRTY
–foully \'fau̇(l)-lē\ adverb
–foulness noun
3foul 3 n.
Function: intransitive verb
Date: before 12th century
1 : to become or be foul: as a : DECOMPOSE, ROT b : to become encrusted, clogged, or choked with a foreign substance c : to become entangled or come into collision
The ropes have fouled (up). 绳子缠住了. * My fishing-line got fouled (up) in an old net. 我的钓丝跟旧鱼网缠在一起了.2 : to commit a violation of the rules in a sport or game E: He fouled the same player again in the second half. 他在下半场对同一运动员再次犯规3 : to hit a foul ball transitive verb 1 : to make foul: as a : to make dirty : POLLUTE b : to tangle or come into collision with E: The ropes have fouled (up). 绳子缠住了. * My fishing-line got fouled (up) in an old net. 我的钓丝跟旧鱼网缠在一起了. c : to encrust with a foreign substance *a ship's bottom fouled with barnacles* d : OBSTRUCT, BLOCK
Dogs are not permitted to foul (ie excrete on) the pavement. 禁止狗在人行道上便溺. * The factories are responsible for fouling up the air for miles around. 这些工厂造成了很大范围的空气污染.2 : DISHONOR, DISCREDIT 3 : to commit a foul against 4 : to hit (a baseball) foul
foul one's (own) nest bring disgrace, etc to one's home, family, profession, country, etc （给自己的家庭﹑ 家人﹑ 职业﹑ 国家等）带来耻辱等. (phr v) foul sth up (infml 口) spoil sth, usu by behaving in a thoughtless or foolish way; mess sth up 弄乱某事物（通常因粗心或愚蠢的行为所致）; 搞糟: Everything was just fine until Fred came along and fouled things up. 本来一切都井井有条, 弗雷德一来就给搞得乱七八糟. * The weather has really fouled up my holiday plans. 我的假日安排因天气关系已全部打乱了.* foul-up n (infml 口) spoiling or upsetting of arrangements, relationships, etc （安排﹑ 关系等的）混乱, 差错: We’ll finish the project on time if there are no more foul-ups. 只要不再出差错, 我们就能按时完成计画.
founder
intransitive verb 1 : to become disabled especially : to go lame E: The mare foundered under the heavy load and collapsed in the road. 那母马因负载过重而倒在路上.
2 : to give way : COLLAPSE The project foundered as a result of lack of finance. 该项目因缺乏资金而告吹.3 : to become submerged : SINK The boat foundered on rocks near the harbour. 船在港口附近触礁沉没.4 : to come to grief : FAIL transitive verb : to disable (an animal) especially by excessive feeding
foyer
: an anteroom or lobby especially of a theater also : an entrance hallway : VESTIBULE
I’ll meet you in the foyer at 7 o’clock. 我七点钟和你在门厅见面.
fracas
/ ˈfrækɑː; US ˈfreɪkəs; ˋfrekəs/
: a noisy quarrel : BRAWLThe police were called in to break up (ie stop) the fracas. 警察奉命去制止骚乱.
fraction
/ `frækʃn; ˋfrækʃən/ n
small part, bit, amount, or proportion (of sth) （某物的）小部分, 一点儿, 少许, 片断: The car stopped within a fraction of an inch of the wall. 汽车在离墙不到一英寸的地方停住了. * Could you move a fraction closer? 你能不能稍微再挪近点儿? precise division of a number, eg , , 0.76 分数, 小数（如﹑ ﹑ 0.76）.* fractional / -ʃənl; -ʃənl/ adj 1 of or in fractions 部分的; 少许的; 片断的; 分数的; 小数的: a fractional equation 分数方程式. 2 very small; trivial or unimportant 极小的; 轻微的; 无足轻重的: a fractional difference in prices 微小的差价. fractionally / -ʃənəlɪ;-ʃənəlɪ/ adv to a very small degree; marginally 达极小程度地; 轻微地: One dancer was fractionally out of step. 有个跳舞人的舞步稍微有些不合拍
noisome
/ ˈnɔɪsəm; ˋnɔɪsəm/ adj
1 : NOXIOUS, HARMFUL 2 a : offensive to the senses and especially to the sense of smell noisome garbage b : highly obnoxious or objectionable noisome habits synonyms see MALODOROUS
–noisomely adverb
–noisomeness noun
MALODOROUS, STINKING, FETID, NOISOME, PUTRID, RANK, FUSTY, MUSTY mean bad-smelling. MALODOROUS may range from the unpleasant to the strongly offensive malodorous fertilizers. STINKING and FETID suggest the foul or disgusting prisoners were held in stinking cells the fetid odor of skunk cabbage. NOISOME adds a suggestion of being harmful or unwholesome as well as offensive a stagnant, noisome sewer. PUTRID implies particularly the sickening odor of decaying organic matter the putrid smell of rotting fish. RANK suggests a strong unpleasant smell rank cigar smoke. FUSTY and MUSTY suggest lack of fresh air and sunlight, FUSTY also implying prolonged uncleanliness, MUSTY stressing the effects of dampness, mildew, or age a fusty attic the musty odor of a damp cellar.
frantic
1 a archaic : mentally deranged b : emotionally out of control frantic with anger and frustration The child’s parents were frantic when she did not return home on time. 那孩子没有按时回家, 她父母都要急疯了. * frantic with worry, anger, grief, etc 愁得要命﹑ 气得要死﹑ 悲痛欲绝.2 : marked by fast and nervous, disordered, or anxiety-driven activity made a frantic search for the lost child a frantic dash, rush, search, etc 疯狂的撞击﹑ 冲击﹑ 搜查等 * frantic activity 不顾一切的行动.
–frantically -ti-k(ə-)lē\ adverb
–franticness -tik-nəs\ noun
fraught
/ frɔːt; frɔt/ adj
[pred 作表语] ~ with sth filled with sth; charged with sth 充满某事物; 注入某事物: a situation fraught with danger 充满危险的情况 * a silence fraught with meaning 意义无穷的沉默.
worried or anxious; worrying 担心的; 烦恼的; 焦虑的; 令人忧虑的: There’s no need to look so fraught! 用不着那麽愁眉苦脸的. * Next week will be particularly fraught as we’ve just lost our secretary. 我们的秘书刚刚辞职, 下星期特别令人担心.
freckle
/ ˈfrekl; ˋfrɛkl/ n
freckle
/ ˈfrekl; ˋfrɛkl/ n
freelance
working independently for different companies rather than being employed by one particular company
She works freelance from home.
freelance journalist/writer/photographer etc
>freelance v [I]
He’s freelancing for several translation agencies.
>freelance also freelancer
n [C]
fresco
1 : the art of painting on freshly spread moist lime plaster with water-based pigments 2 : a painting executed in fresco
The frescos in the Sistine Chapel are world-famous. 西斯廷教堂的壁画举世闻名.
–fresco transitive verb
fresco:wall＝parquetry:floor 壁画画在墙上＝镶木地板镶在地上”
parquetry
: work in the form of usually geometrically patterned wood laid or inlaid especially for floors
: work in the form of usually geometrically patterned wood laid or inlaid especially for floors
: easily crumbled or pulverized friable soil synonyms see FRAGILE
–friability \ˌfrī-ə-‘bi-lə-tē\ noun
FRAGILE, FRANGIBLE, BRITTLE, CRISP, FRIABLE mean breaking easily. FRAGILE implies extreme delicacy of material or construction and need for careful handling a fragile antique chair. FRANGIBLE implies susceptibility to being broken without implying weakness or delicacy frangible stone used for paving. BRITTLE implies hardness together with lack of elasticity or flexibility or toughness brittle bones. CRISP implies a firmness and brittleness desirable especially in some foods crisp lettuce. FRIABLE applies to substances that are easily crumbled or pulverized friable soil. synonym see in addition WEAK
pulverize, pulverise 1
/ ˈpʌlvəraɪz; ˋpʌlvəˏraɪz/
transitive verb 1 : to reduce (as by crushing, beating, or grinding) to very small particles : ATOMIZE pulverize rock 2 : ANNIHILATE, DEMOLISH intransitive verb : to become pulverized
–pulverizable \ˌpəl-və-‘rī-zə-bəl\ adjective
–pulverization \ˌpəl-və-rə-‘zā-shən, ˌpəlv-rə-\ noun
–pulverizer 'pəl-və-ˌrī-zər\ noun
frieze
sculpture or decoration round the top of a wall or building 雕带; （墙头或建筑物上端的）带状装饰.
frieze:ornament＝pillar:support 横饰带装饰＝柱子支撑frieze:building＝illumination:manuscript横饰带装饰建筑物＝装饰图案装饰手稿”
frigid
/ ˈfrɪdʒɪd; ˋfrɪdʒɪd/ adj
1 a : intensely cold b : lacking warmth or ardor : INDIFFERENT a frigid climate/zone 严寒的气候[地区]. a frigid glance, look, etc 冷淡的目光﹑ 神情等.2 : lacking imaginative qualities : INSIPID
3 a : abnormally averse to sexual intercourse ― used especially of women b of a female : unable to achieve orgasm during sexual intercourse
–frigidly adverb
–frigidness noun
frigorific
: causing cold : CHILLING
froth
/ frɔθ; US frɔːθ; frɔθ/
n.1 a : bubbles formed in or on a liquid : FOAM I don’t like beer with too much froth. 我不喜欢泡沫太多的啤酒. b : a foamy slaver sometimes accompanying disease or exhaustion 2 : something resembling froth (as in being unsubstantial, worthless, or light and airy) Their chatter was nothing but froth! 他们聊天儿没别的, 全是废话!
vi.1 : to foam at the mouth 2 : to throw froth out or up
The water frothed as it tumbled down the rocks. 水冲击在岩石上溅起了泡沫. * Animals with rabies often froth at the mouth. 患狂犬病的动物常常口吐白沫. * (fig 比喻) He was so angry he was almost frothing at the mouth. 他气得差点儿口吐白沫.3 : to become covered with or as if with froth whole groves froth with nodding blossoms ― Amy Lovejoy transitive verb 1 : to cause to foam 2 : to cover with froth 3 : VENT, VOICE
froth (up) a milk shake 将含奶的饮料打起泡沫来.
frothy adj (-ier, -iest) 1 full of or covered with froth 有泡沫的; 起泡沫的: frothy beer 有泡沫的啤酒 * a frothy mixture of eggs and milk 起泡儿的蛋奶混合物. light and trivial 轻浮的; 浅薄的; 空洞的: a novel written in a frothy style 笔调轻浮的小说. frothily adv. frothiness n [U].
frugal
/ ˈfruːgl; ˋfruɡl/
: characterized by or reflecting economy in the use of resources synonyms see SPARING
–frugality \frü-‘ga-lə-tē\ noun
–frugally 'frü-gə-lē\ adverb
fruition
/ fruːˈɪʃn; fruˋɪʃən/
1 : pleasurable use or possession : ENJOYMENT 2 a : the state of bearing fruit b : REALIZATION
After months of hard work, our plans came to/were brought to fruition. 我们经过几个月的苦干, 终於实现了计画.
fulminate
/ ˈfʌlmɪneɪt; US ˈful-; ˋfʊlməˏnet/
transitive verb : to utter or send out with denunciation fulminate a decree intransitive verb : to send forth censures or invectives
Mick was fulminating against the unfairness of it all.
–fulmination \ˌfu̇l-mə-‘nā-shən, ˌfəl-\ noun
fulmination / ˏfʌlmɪ`neɪʃn; US ˏful-; ˏfʊlməˋneʃən/ n (a) [U] fulminating 强烈抗议; 叱责. (b) [C] instance of this; bitter protest or criticism 强烈的抗议; 叱责; 激烈的反抗; 严厉的批评.
fulsome
/ ˈfulsəm; ˋfʊlsəm/ adj
1 a : characterized by abundance : COPIOUS *describes in fulsome detail ― G. N.
fumigate
/ ˈfjuːmɪgeɪt; ˋfjuməˏɡet/ v
: to apply smoke, vapor, or gas to especially for the purpose of disinfecting or of destroying pests
The hospital wards were fumigated after the outbreak of typhus. 发现斑疹伤寒以後, 医院的病房进行了烟燻消毒.
–fumigation \ˌfyü-mə-‘gā-shən\ noun
–fumigator 'fyü-mə-ˌgā-tər\ noun
PARASITE, SYCOPHANT, TOADY, LEECH, SPONGE
mean a usually obsequious flatterer or self-seeker. PARASITE applies to one who clings to a person of wealth, power, or influence or is useless to society a jet-setter with an entourage of parasites. SYCOPHANT adds to this a strong suggestion of fawning, flattery, or adulation a powerful prince surrounded by sycophants. TOADY emphasizes the servility and snobbery of the self-seeker cultivated leaders of society and became their toady. LEECH stresses persistence in clinging to or bleeding another for one’s own advantage a leech living off his family and friends. SPONGE stresses the parasitic laziness, dependence, and opportunism of the cadger a shiftless sponge, always looking for a handout.
entourage
/ ˏɔntuˈrɑːʒ; ˏɑntʊˋrɑʒ/
1 : one’s attendants or associates
the President and his entourage 总统及其随从 * (fig 比喻) She always has an entourage of admiring young men. 她周围总是簇拥着追求她的年轻人.
2 : SURROUNDINGS
sycophant
/ `sɪkəfnt; ˋsɪkəfənt/ n (fml derog 文, 贬)
person who tries to gain people’s favour by insincerely flattering them and always agreeing with them 谄媚者; 阿谀奉承者. * sycophancy / sɪkəfənsɪ; ˋsɪkəfənsɪ/ n [U]. sycophantic / ˏsɪkəfntɪk; ˏsɪkəˋfæntɪk/ adj: a sycophantic smile 谄笑. sycophantically / -klɪ; -klɪ/ adv.
furnace
/ ˈfɜːnɪs; ˋfənɪs/ n
: an enclosed structure in which heat is produced (as for heating a house or for reducing ore)
It’s like a furnace in here can we open a window? 这里热得像个火炉–咱们打开窗户好吗?
furnace:heat＝generator:electricity炉子用来送热＝发电机用来供电”
fuss
/ fʌs; fʌs/
1 a : needless bustle or excitement E: Stop all this fuss and get on with your work. b : a show of flattering attention made a big fuss over his favorite niece 2 a : a state of agitation especially over a trivial matter b : OBJECTION, PROTEST c : an often petty controversy or quarrel
There will be a real fuss if you’re caught stealing. 你要是偷东西让人逮着, 那可真够你受的.
make, kick up, etc a fuss (about/over sth) complain strongly 强烈地不满: She’s kicking up an awful fuss about the high rent. 她大喊大叫地抱怨房租太高. make a fuss of/over sb/sth pay particular and often excessive attention to sb/sth 对某人[某事物]过於注意: Don’t make so much fuss over the children. 不要对孩子照顾得太过分. * A lot of fuss was made of the play, but it wasn’t a success. 对那出戏不厌其烦地精心计画, 到头来却并不成功.
v.1 a : needless bustle or excitement E: Stop all this fuss and get on with your work. b : a show of flattering attention made a big fuss over his favorite niece 2 a : a state of agitation especially over a trivial matter b : OBJECTION, PROTEST c : an often petty controversy or quarrel
There will be a real fuss if you’re caught stealing. 你要是偷东西让人逮着, 那可真够你受的.
make, kick up, etc a fuss (about/over sth) complain strongly 强烈地不满: She’s kicking up an awful fuss about the high rent. 她大喊大叫地抱怨房租太高. make a fuss of/over sb/sth pay particular and often excessive attention to sb/sth 对某人[某事物]过於注意: Don’t make so much fuss over the children. 不要对孩子照顾得太过分. * A lot of fuss was made of the play, but it wasn’t a success. 对那出戏不厌其烦地精心计画, 到头来却并不成功.
fusty
/ ˈfʌstɪ; ˋfʌstɪ/ adj (-ier, -iest) (derog 贬)
1 British : impaired by age or dampness : MOLDY 2 : saturated with dust and stale odors : MUSTY a fusty room 有潮湿味儿的房间 * This blanket smells a bit fusty. 这毯子有点儿发霉的味儿.3 : rigidly old-fashioned or reactionary E: a fusty old professor, ie one who has learned much from books, etc but does not know about modern ideas 思想陈腐的老教授.synonyms see MALODOROUS
–fustily -tə-lē\ adverb
–fustiness -tē-nəs\ noun
gadfly
/ ˈgædflaɪ; ˋɡædˏflaɪ/ n
1 : any of various flies (as a horsefly, botfly, or warble fly) that bite or annoy livestock 2 : a person who stimulates or annoys especially by persistent criticism
gaffe
/ gæf; ɡæf/
1 : a social or diplomatic blunder 2 : a noticeable mistake
He didn’t realize what a gaffe he’d made. 他没意识到自己已出乖露丑.
gaggle
/ ˈgægl; ˋɡæɡl/ n
1 : FLOCK especially : a flock of geese when not in flight ― compare SKEIN 2 : a group, aggregation, or cluster lacking organization a gaggle of reporters and photographers 3 : an indefinite number participated in a gaggle of petty crimes
skein
/ skeɪn; sken/ n
length of wool, thread, etc wound into a loose coil （纱﹑ 线等的）一束.
group of wild geese, etc in flight （飞行中的）一群（大雁等）.
galaxy
/ ˈgæləksɪ; ˋɡæləksɪ/ n
1 a often capitalized : MILKY WAY GALAXY ― used with the b : any of the very large groups of stars and associated matter that are found throughout the universe 2 a : an assemblage of brilliant or notable persons or things a galaxy of artists a galaxy of talent, beautiful women, film stars 一群才子﹑ 美女﹑ 电影明星.
b : WORLD 11 remained galaxies apart on the issue ― Newsweek
galaxy:stars＝archipelago:island星系由恒星组成＝群岛由岛屿组成”
gall
n.1 a : BILE especially : bile obtained from an animal and used in the arts or medicine b : something bitter to endure c : bitterness of spirit : RANCOR words full of venom and gall 充满恶毒怨恨的话.2 : brazen boldness coupled with impudent assurance and insolence E: Of all the gall! ie What impudence! 脸皮真厚!synonyms see TEMERITY
v.1 : to fret and wear away by friction : CHAFE the loose saddle galled the horse’s back the galling of a metal bearing 2 : IRRITATE, VEX sarcasm galls her It galled him to have to ask for a loan. 他得向人借贷,觉得甚为苦恼.intransitive verb 1 : to become sore or worn by rubbing 2 : SEIZE 2
galling adj [usu pred 通常作表语] annoying; humiliating 烦恼; 羞辱: It was galling to have to apologize to a man she detested. 最为难堪的是她得向她讨厌的那个男的道歉.
gallant
/ ˈgælənt; ˋɡælənt/ adj
1 : showy in dress or bearing : SMART 2 a : SPLENDID, STATELY a gallant ship b : SPIRITED, BRAVE gallant efforts against the enemy a gallant knight, soldier, etc 勇敢的骑士﹑ 战士等 * a gallant deed, effort, struggle 英勇的事迹﹑ 尝试﹑ 斗争. c : nobly chivalrous and often self-sacrificing 3 : courteously and elaborately attentive especially to ladies
‘I left her standing in the rain.’ ‘That wasn’t very gallant of you.’synonyms see CIVIL
–gallantly adverb
galvanize
transitive verb 1 a : to subject to the action of an electric current especially for the purpose of stimulating physiologically galvanize a muscle b : to stimulate or excite as if by an electric shock an issue that would galvanize public opinion The manager’s arrival galvanized the workers into activity. 经理一来, 工人闻风而动. *2 : to coat (iron or steel) with zinc especially : to immerse in molten zinc to produce a coating of zinc-iron alloy
galvanized bucket, nail, hinge, etc 镀锌的铁桶﹑ 钉子﹑ 铰链等 * galvanized wire 铅丝.intransitive verb : to react as if stimulated by an electric shock they galvanized into action
–galvanization \ˌgal-və-nə-‘zā-shən\ noun
–galvanizer 'gal-və-ˌnī-zər\ noun
gambol
/ ˈgæmbl; ˋɡæmbl/ v (-ll-) (US also -l-)
: to skip about in play : FRISK, FROLIC
children/lambs gambolling (about/around) （四处）嬉戏蹦跳的儿童[羊羔].
gape
/ geɪp; ɡep/ v
[I, Ipr] ~ (at sb/sth) (often derog 常作贬义) stare with an open mouth, usu in surprise 目瞪口呆地凝视: Dont gape : its rude! 别张着嘴傻瞪着, 太不礼貌了! * What are you gaping at? 你目蹬口呆地看着什麽?
[La, I] be or become open wide 张开; 张大: A huge chasm gaped before them. 他们面前有个巨大的裂痕. * a gaping hole, wound, chasm 很大的洞﹑ 伤口﹑ 裂隙 * a shirt gaping open with a button missing 丢一颗钮扣而敞开着的衬衫.
> gape n open-mouthed stare 张口凝视: gapes of astonishment on the faces of the spectators 观众目瞪口呆的惊讶表情.
gargantuan
/ gɑːˈgæntjuən; ɡɑrˋɡæntʃʊən/ adj
: tremendous in size, volume, or degree : GIGANTIC, COLOSSAL
gargoyle
/ ˈgɑːgɔɪl; ˋɡɑrɡɔɪl/
n stone or metal spout in the form of a grotesque human or animal figure, for carrying rain-water away from the roof of a church, etc （作怪异人形或动物形的）滴水嘴; （疏导雨水的）凸饰漏嘴.
gargle
/ ˈgɑːgl; ˋɡɑrɡl/ v
transitive verb 1 a : to hold (a liquid) in the mouth or throat and agitate with air from the lungs b : to cleanse or disinfect (the oral cavity) in this manner
He always gargles (with salt water) before going to bed. 他睡前总是（用盐水）漱口.
2 : to utter with a gargling sound intransitive verb 1 : to use a gargle 2 : to speak or sing as if gargling
gutter
1 a : a trough along the eaves to catch and carry off rainwater排水檐沟; 天沟. b : a low area (as at the edge of a street) to carry off surface water (as to a sewer) cigarette packets thrown into the gutter 扔在阴沟里的香烟盒 c : a trough or groove to catch and direct something
2 : a white space formed by the adjoining inside margins of two facing pages (as of a book) 3 : the lowest or most vulgar level or condition of human life
the language of the gutter, ie vulgar language 粗鄙的语言 * He picked her out of the gutter and made her a great lady. 他使她脱离贫苦生活, 并成为贵妇.
v [I] (of a candle) burn fitfully, as if about to go out （指蜡烛）忽明忽暗（似要熄灭）.
guttering
/ `gʌtərɪŋ; ˋɡʌtərɪŋ/
n [U] system of gutters 排水系统
garish
/ ˈgeərɪʃ; ˋɡɛrɪʃ/ adj
1 : clothed in vivid colors
2 a : excessively or disturbingly vivid b : offensively or distressingly bright : GLARING
3 : tastelessly showy : FLASHY synonyms see GAUDY –garishly adverb –garishness noun
GAUDY, TAWDRY, GARISH, FLASHY, MERETRICIOUS
mean vulgarly or cheaply showy. GAUDY implies a tasteless use of overly bright, often clashing colors or excessive ornamentation . TAWDRY applies to what is at once gaudy and cheap and sleazy . GARISH describes what is distressingly or offensively bright . FLASHY implies an effect of brilliance quickly and easily seen to be shallow or vulgar <a>. MERETRICIOUS stresses falsity and may describe a tawdry show that beckons with a false allure or promise <a>.</a></a>
garrulous
1 : given to prosy, rambling, or tedious loquacity : pointlessly or annoyingly talkative 2 : WORDY 1 synonyms see TALKATIVE –garrulously adverb –garrulousness noun
garner
/ ˈgɑːnə(r); ˋɡɑrnɚ/
1 a : to gather into storage b : to deposit as if in a granary garner (in/up) the grain for the winter 储粮以备过冬 *
2 a : to acquire by effort : EARN b : ACCUMULATE, COLLECT
garner knowledge, information, etc 积累知识﹑ 搜集信息 * facts garnered from various sources 从各种渠道搜集到的资料.
garnish
/ ˈgɑːnɪʃ; ˋɡɑrnɪʃ/
1 a : DECORATE, EMBELLISH b : to add decorative or savory touches to (food or drink) fish garnished with slices of lemon 用柠檬片作装饰的鱼 * meat garnished with parsley, fresh vegetables, etc 饰有香菜﹑ 新鲜蔬菜等的肉.
2 : to equip with accessories : FURNISH
3 : GARNISHEE
n.1 : EMBELLISHMENT, ORNAMENT Keep some olives to one side for garnish.
2 : something (as lemon wedges or parsley) used to garnish food or drink
a garnish of tomato
3 a : an unauthorized fee formerly extorted from a new inmate of an English jail b : a similar payment required of a new worker
gaseous
/ ˈgæsɪəs, ˈgeɪsɪəs; ˋɡæsɪəs/ adj
1 : having the form of or being gas also : of or relating to gases
a gaseous mixture 气体混合物.
2 a : lacking substance or solidity b : GASSY 3 –gaseousness noun
gash
/ gæʃ; ɡæʃ/ n
1 : a deep long cut in flesh E: a nasty gash in the arm, leg, etc 胳膊﹑ 腿等上深而长的伤口
2 : a deep narrow depression or cut <a>
make a gash in the bark of a tree with a knife 用刀在树皮上割一道深而长的切口.
v.transitive verb : to make a gash in E: gash one’s arm on a piece of broken glass 胳膊被玻璃碎片划了一个大口子.intransitive verb : to make a gash : CUT</a>
chasm
1 : a deep cleft in the surface of a planet (as the earth) : GORGE
2 : a marked division, separation, or difference
E: the vast chasm separating rich and poor 贫富的鸿沟.
gauche
/ gəuʃ; ɡoʃ/ adj
1 a : lacking social experience or grace also : not tactful : CRUDE I find him terribly gauche. 我认为他太不圆通了. * a gauche manner, person, remark 不雅 的举止﹑ 人﹑ 言语. b : crudely made or done <a> a rather gauche style, technique, etc 拙劣的文体﹑ 技艺等.
2 : not planar synonyms see AWKWARD –gauchely adverb –gaucheness noun</a>
planar
1 : of, relating to, or lying in a plane
2 : two-dimensional in quality –planarity \plā-‘na-rə-tē\ noun
gaudy
/ ˈgɔːdɪ; ˋɡɔdɪ/ adj
1 : ostentatiously or tastelessly ornamented
2 : marked by extravagance or sometimes tasteless showiness : OUTLANDISH also : EXCEPTIONAL <a>
–gaudily 'gȯ-də-lē, ‘gä-\ adverb
–gaudiness 'gȯ-dē-nəs, ‘gä-\ noun
synonyms GAUDY, TAWDRY, GARISH, FLASHY, MERETRICIOUS mean vulgarly or cheaply showy. GAUDY implies a tasteless use of overly bright, often clashing colors or excessive ornamentation . TAWDRY applies to what is at once gaudy and cheap and sleazy . GARISH describes what is distressingly or offensively bright . FLASHY implies an effect of brilliance quickly and easily seen to be shallow or vulgar <a>. MERETRICIOUS stresses falsity and may describe a tawdry show that beckons with a false allure or promise <a>.</a></a></a>
tawdry
/ ˈtɔːdrɪ; ˋtɔdrɪ/ adj
: cheap and gaudy in appearance or quality also : IGNOBLE <a>
synonyms see GAUDY –
tawdrily -drə-lē\ adverb
–tawdriness -drē-nəs\ noun</a>
meretricious
/ ˏmerɪˈtrɪʃəs; ˏmɛrəˋtrɪʃəs/ adj
1 : of or relating to a prostitute : having the nature of prostitution
2 a : tawdrily and falsely attractive b : superficially significant : PRETENTIOUS
gauge
(US also gage) / geɪdʒ; ɡedʒ/
1 a : a measurement (as of linear dimension) according to some standard or system: as (1) : the distance between the rails of a railroad E: standard gauge, ie 4ft 8 ins 标准轨距（4英尺8英寸） * narrow/broad gauge, ie narrower/wider than standard 窄轨[宽轨] * [attrib 作定语] a narrow-gauge railway 窄轨铁路. (2) : the size of a shotgun barrel’s inner diameter nominally expressed as the number of lead balls each just fitting that diameter required to make a pound <a> (3) : the thickness of a thin material (as sheet metal or plastic film) (4) : the diameter of a slender object (as wire or a hypodermic needle) (5) : the fineness of a knitted fabric expressed by the number of loops per unit width b : DIMENSIONS, SIZE c : MEASURE 1 Is a person’s behaviour under stress a reliable gauge of his character? 人在受到压力时的行为能作衡量其品性的可靠尺度吗?
2 : an instrument for or a means of measuring or testing: as a : an instrument for measuring a dimension or for testing mechanical accuracy b : an instrument with a graduated scale or dial for measuring or indicating quantity
a petrol, pressure, rain, speed, etc gauge 汽油量表﹑ 压力计﹑ 雨量计﹑ 速度计.3 : relative position of a ship with reference to another ship and the wind 4 : a function introduced into a field equation to produce a convenient form of the equation but having no observable physical consequences
v.1 a : to measure precisely the size, dimensions, or other measurable quantity of E: precision instruments which can gauge the diameter to a fraction of a millimetre 可测出直径几分之一毫米的精密仪器. b : to determine the capacity or contents of c : ESTIMATE, JUDGE gauging the strength of the wind from the movement of the trees 凭树的摇动估计风力. trying to gauge reactions, sympathies, sentiments, etc 试图判定各种反应﹑ 同情程度﹑ 观点等 * It was difficult to gauge how people would respond. 大家的反应如何难以估计. * I gauged that it was not a good moment to speak to her. 我认为那不是跟她说话的时机.
2 a : to check for conformity to specifications or limits b : to measure off or set out
gaugE:pressure＝scalE:weight测量仪用来测量压力＝天平用来测量重量measurE:dimensions＝calibratE:diameter 测量尺寸＝校准直径gaugE:pressure＝plumb:depth 测量压力＝探测深度”</a>
gouge
/ gaudʒ; ɡaʊdʒ/ n
1 : to scoop out with or as if with a gouge
A maniac had gouged several holes in the priceless painting. 有个狂徒在那幅价值连城的画上乱凿了几个洞
2 a : to force out (an eye) with the thumb gouge out a narrow groove 凿出窄槽 * gouge out a stone from a horseshoe 从马掌中抠中石块b : to thrust the thumb into the eye of E: gouge sb’s eyes out 挖出某人的眼睛.
3 : to subject to extortion or undue exaction : OVERCHARGE –gouger noun
usury
/ ˈjuːʒərɪ; ˋjuʒərɪ/
1 archaic : INTEREST
2 : the lending of money with an interest charge for its use especially : the lending of money at exorbitant interest rates E: In medieval times, it was illegal for Christians to practise usury.
3 : an unconscionable or exorbitant rate or amount of interest specifically : interest in excess of a legal rate charged to a borrower for the use of money
gavel
n small hammer used by an auctioneer or chairman as a signal for order or attention （拍卖者或主席用的）小槌: bang, rap, etc one’s gavel on the table 用小槌在桌上猛击﹑ 敲打等.
gazelle
/ gəˈzel; ɡəˋzɛl/ n
n (pl unchanged or ~s 复数或不变或作 gazelles) small, graceful antelope 瞪羚: a herd of gazelle 一群瞪羚.
gazetteer
/ ˏgæzəˈtɪə(r); ˏɡæzəˋtɪr/
n index of geographical names 地名索引; 地名词典: a world gazetteer 世界地名词典.
gear
1 a : CLOTHING, GARMENTS b : movable property : GOODS
All his camping gear was packed in the rucksack. 他的野营物品全都放在背囊里了. * We’re only going for two days; you don’t need to bring so much gear! 我们只去两天, 你不用带那麽多东西! * wearing her party gear 穿着她赴宴的衣服
.2 : EQUIPMENT, PARAPHERNALIA
3 a : the rigging of a ship or boat b : the harness especially of horses
4 dialect chiefly British : absurd talk : NONSENSE
5 dialect chiefly British : DOINGS
6 a (1) : a mechanism that performs a specific function in a complete machine (2) : a toothed wheel (3) : working relation, position, order, or adjustment The athlete changed gear (ie suddenly accelerated) and shot ahead of the others. 该运动员突然加速, 冲到别人前面去了. (4) : a level or pace of functioning The party organization is moving into top gear as the election approaches. 随着选举临近, 党组织的活动也如火如荼.b : one of two or more adjustments of a transmission (as of a bicycle or motor vehicle) that determine mechanical advantage, relative speed, and direction of travel
Careless use of the clutch may damage the gears. 离合器使用不慎可能损坏传动装置. * The car has four forward gears and one reverse gear. 那汽车有四个前进挡和一个倒挡. * The car started with a crashing of gears, The car is in/out of gear, ie has the gears engaged/disengaged. 汽车挂上挡[未挂挡]. * low/bottom/first gear, ie used for starting a vehicle or climbing a slope 低速挡[头挡/第一挡]（用於车辆起动或爬坡） * high/top gear, ie used for high speeds 高速挡 * change gear 换排挡.
–gearless -ləs\ adjective
1 a : to provide (as machinery) with gearing b : to connect by gearing 2 a : to make ready for effective operation b : to adjust so as to match, blend with, or satisfy something Industry must be geared to wartime needs. 工业必须调整以适应战时需要. * Our effort is geared to a higher level of production. 我们调整力量将生产推向更高的水平intransitive verb 1 a British of machinery : to be in gear : MESH b : SHIFT 1C 2 : to become adjusted so as to match, blend, or harmonize
The company’s gearing up for the big export drive. 公司正为大规模出口作好准备. * I was all geared up (ie excitedly ready) to go on holiday, and now it’s been cancelled. 我兴致勃勃地做好去度假的准备, 可是现在吹了.
gearing / gɪərɪŋ; ˋɡɪrɪŋ/ n [U] set or arrangement of gears 齿轮装置; 传动装置: The gearing of this machine is unusual. 这机器的齿轮装置很特别.# gearbox n case that encloses a vehicle’s gear mechanism （车辆的）变速箱, 变速器. =>illus at App 1 见附录1插图, page xii.gear-change n movement from one position of the gear mechanism to another 换挡; 变速: a smooth gear-change 平稳的变速.gear-lever, gear-stick (US usu 美式英语通常作 gearshift) ns lever used to engage, disengage or change gear 变速杆. =>illus at App 1 见附录1插图, page xii, xiii.`gearwheel n toothed wheel in a set of gears 齿轮.
gem
/ dʒem; dʒɛm/ n
1 a : JEWEL b : a precious or sometimes semiprecious stone cut and polished for ornament
a crown studded with gems 镶宝石的皇冠.2 a : something prized especially for great beauty or perfection b : a highly prized or well-beloved person E: This picture is the gem (ie the best) of the collection. 这幅画是收藏的珍品. * a gem of a place, ie an excellent place 胜地 * That restaurant is a little gem. 那餐厅是个小乐园. * She’s a real gem! 她美如仙子!3 : MUFFIN
turquoise
/ ˈtɜːkwɔɪz; ˋtəkwɔɪz/ n
1 : a mineral that is a blue, bluish-green, or greenish-gray hydrous basic phosphate of copper and aluminum, takes a high polish, and is valued as a gem when skyblue
2 : a light greenish blue
muffin
: a quick bread made of batter containing egg and baked in a pan having cuplike molds
genealogy
/ ˏdʒiːnɪˈlədʒɪ; ˏdʒinɪˋælədʒɪ/ n
n
[U] study of family history, showing who the ancestors of particular people were and how they were related to each other 家谱学; 宗谱学.
[C] (diagram showing a) particular person’s ancestry 家谱; 宗谱.
> genealogical / ˏdʒiːnɪəˈlɔdʒɪkl; ˏdʒinɪəˋlɑdʒɪkl/ adj concerned with tracing family descent 家谱的; 宗谱的: a genealogical expert 家谱学家 * genealogical evidence, proof, records, etc 家谱关系证据﹑ 证明﹑ 记录等 * agenealogical table/tree, ie a diagram with branches showing a family’s ancestry 家谱表[家系图]. genealogically / -klɪ; -klɪ/ adv.
genealogist / ˏdʒiːnɪˈlədʒɪst; ˏdʒinɪˋælədʒɪst/ n student of or expert in genealogy 家谱学的研究者; 家谱学家.
pedigree
/ ˈpedɪgriː; ˋpɛdəˏɡri/ n
1 : a register recording a line of ancestors E: proud of his long pedigree 为其源远流长的世系而骄傲
2 a : an ancestral line : LINEAGE b : the origin and the history of something broadly : BACKGROUND, HISTORY
3 a : a distinguished ancestry b : the recorded purity of breed of an individual or strain
people without pedigree 非名门出身的人.pedigree adj [attrib 作定语] (of an animal) descended from a known line of (usu specially chosen) animals of the same breed; pure bred （指动物的）纯种的: [attrib 作定语] pedigree cattle, dogs, horses, etc 纯种的牛﹑ 狗﹑ 马等.
generic
/ dʒɪˈnerɪk; dʒəˋnɛrɪk/ adj
1 a : relating to or characteristic of a whole group or class : GENERAL b : being or having a nonproprietary name generic brands ◆ The doctor offered me a choice of a branded or a generic drug. c : having no particularly distinctive quality or application The generic term for wine, spirits and beer is `alcoholic beverages’. 葡萄洒﹑ 烈性洒﹑ 啤酒的通称是酒类饮料.
2 : relating to or having the rank of a biological genus –generically -i-k(ə-)lē\ adverb –genericness noun
genesis
/ ˈdʒenəsɪs; ˋdʒɛnəsɪs/ n (pl geneses/ ˈdʒenəsiːz; ˋdʒɛnəsiz/)
: the origin or coming into being of something the genesis of a new political movement
genial
/ ˈdʒiːnɪəl; ˋdʒinjəl/ adj
1 obsolete : of or relating to marriage or generation the genial bed ― John Milton
2 obsolete : INBORN, NATIVE
3 a : favorable to growth or comfort : MILD genial sunshine the genial air of the Pacific Islands 太平洋岛屿上温暖的空气.b : marked by or diffusing sympathy or friendliness your genial host a genial person, manner, smile 和蔼可亲的人﹑ 举止﹑ 微笑.
4 : displaying or marked by genius synonyms see GRACIOUS
–geniality \,jē-nē-‘a-lə-tē, jēn-‘yal-\ noun
–genially 'jēn-yə-lē\ adverb
dour
1 : STERN, HARSH 2 : OBSTINATE, UNYIELDING 3 : GLOOMY, SULLEN –dourly adverb –dourness noun
genre
/ ˈʒɑːnrə; ˋʒɑnrə/ n
1 : a category of artistic, musical, or literary composition characterized by a particular style, form, or content
2 : KIND, SORT The novel and short story are different genres. 长篇小说和短篇故事是不同的类别.
3 : painting that depicts scenes or events from everyday life usually realistically
genre-painting n [U] style of painting that shows scenes, etc from ordinary life 世态画, 风俗画（以日常生活为题材的）.
genteel
/ dʒenˈtiːl; dʒɛnˋtil/ adj
1 a : having an aristocratic quality or flavor : STYLISH b : of or relating to the gentry or upper class c : elegant or graceful in manner, appearance, or shape d : free from vulgarity or rudeness : POLITE a genteel manner / upbringing 2 a : maintaining or striving to maintain the appearance of superior or middle-class social status or respectability b (1) : marked by false delicacy, prudery, or affectation E: Her genteel accent irritated me. ◆ He lived in genteel poverty (= trying to keep the style of a high social class, but with little money). (2) : conventionally or insipidly pretty *timid and genteel artistic style* –genteelly \-'tē(l)-lē\ adverb –genteelness noun
gentry
/ ˈdʒentrɪ; ˋdʒɛntrɪ/ n
1 a obsolete : the qualities appropriate to a person of gentle birth especially : COURTESY b : the condition or rank of a gentleman
2 a : upper or ruling class : ARISTOCRACY b : a class whose members are entitled to bear a coat of [pl.]arms though not of noble rank especially : the landed proprietors having such status the {E:local gentry ◆ the landed gentry (= those who own a lot of land)3 : people of a specified class or kind : FOLKS *no real heroes or heroines among the academic gentry ― R. G. Hanvey*germ
/ dʒɜːm; dʒəm/ n
1 a : a small mass of living substance capable of developing into an organism or one of its parts b : the embryo with the scutellum of a cereal grain that is usually separated from the starchy endosperm during milling
2 : something that initiates development or serves as an origin : RUDIMENTS, BEGINNING the ~ of sth (fig 比喻) beginning from which sth may develop （某物的）发端, 起源, 萌芽: the germ of an idea 一种想法的发端.
3 : MICROORGANISM especially : a microorganism causing disease
Disinfectant kills germs. 消毒剂可杀菌. * [attrib 作定语] germ warfare, ie the use of harmful bacteria as a weapon of war 细菌战.
germane
/ dʒəˈmeɪn; dʒɚˋmen/ adj
1 obsolete : closely akin 2 : being at once relevant and appropriate : FITTING omit details that are not germane to the discussion remarks that are germane to the discussion 与讨论有关的言语.
synonyms see RELEVANT –germanely adverb
RELEVANT, GERMANE, MATERIAL, PERTINENT, APPOSITE, APPLICABLE, APROPOS mean relating to or bearing upon the matter in hand. RELEVANT implies a traceable, significant, logical connection found material relevant to her case. GERMANE may additionally imply a fitness for or appropriateness to the situation or occasion a point not germane to the discussion. MATERIAL implies so close a relationship that it cannot be dispensed with without serious alteration of the case facts material to the investigation. PERTINENT stresses a clear and decisive relevance a pertinent observation. APPOSITE suggests a felicitous relevance add an apposite quotation to the definition. APPLICABLE suggests the fitness of bringing a general rule or principle to bear upon a particular case the rule is not applicable in this case. APROPOS suggests being both relevant and opportune the quip was apropos.
germinate
/ ˈdʒɜːmɪneɪt; ˋdʒəməˏnet/
transitive verb : to cause to sprout or develop E: to germinate cabbages, beans, etc 使白菜﹑ 豆子等发芽.
intransitive verb
1 : to come into being : EVOLVE before Western civilization began to germinate ― A. L. Kroeber
2 : to begin to grow : SPROUT
The cabbages germinated within a week. 白菜一星期内就发芽了.
–germination \,jər-mə-‘nā-shən\ noun
–germinative 'jər-mə-,nā-tiv, -mə-nə-\ adjective
germinal adj.
gerontocracy
: rule by elders specifically : a form of social organization in which a group of old men or a council of elders dominates or exercises control
–gerontocrat \jə-‘rän-tə-,krat\ noun
–gerontocratic -,rän-tə-‘kra-tik\ adjective
gerrymander
/ ˈdʒerɪmændə(r); ˋdʒɛrɪˏmændɚ/
v [Tn] (derog politics 贬, 政) arrange the boundaries of or divide (an area) for voting in order to give unfair advantages to one party in an election （为使某政党在选举中取得优势）不公正地将（某地区）划成或分成选区.
> gerrymander n [C] such a rearrangement 对选区做出的不公正重新划分.
gerrymandering n [U] making such a rearrangement 对选区作不公正的重新划分: There has been some gerrymandering. 对选区已作出某些不公正的重新划分.
geyser
1 : a spring that throws forth intermittent jets of heated water and steam
2 British : an apparatus for heating water rapidly with a gas flame (as for a bath)
volcano:lava＝geyser:water 火山喷出熔岩＝喷泉喷出水”
gibe
(also jibe) / dʒaɪb; dʒaɪb/
intransitive verb : to utter taunting words
It’s easy enough for you to gibe at them, but could you do any better? 笑话人家很容易, 可是你能做得更好吗?transitive verb : to deride or tease with taunting words
synonyms see SCOFF
–gibe or jibe noun E:a cruel, malicious, nasty, etc gibe 刻薄的﹑ 恶意的﹑ 恶毒的…嘲弄 * cheap gibes about her fatness 对她的肥胖所作的粗俗的嘲笑.
–giber or jiber noun
giddy
/ ˈgɪdɪ; ˋɡɪdɪ/ adj (-ier, -iest)
1 a : DIZZY giddy from the unaccustomed exercise I feel giddy; I must sit down. 我觉得头晕, 得坐下来. * have a giddy feeling 有眩晕的感觉 * (fig 比喻) giddy with their first business success 为商业上初次成功而飘飘然.b : causing dizziness a giddy heighttravel at a giddy speed 以令人目眩的速度行进 * look down from a giddy height 从令人眩晕的高处俯视 * (fig 比喻) Life then was a succession of giddy triumphs, ie exciting but not stable or lasting. 那时的生活可谓人间得意﹑ 千红万紫, 盛极一时. c : whirling rapidly
2 a : lightheartedly silly : FRIVOLOUS a giddy girl, who will never settle down to anything serious 永远安不下心来做正经事的轻浮女孩. b : joyfully elated : EUPHORIC
–giddily 'gi-də-lē\ adverb
–giddiness 'gi-dē-nəs\ noun
v.transitive verb : to make giddy
intransitive verb : to become giddy
giddily / gɪdɪlɪ; ˋɡɪdɪlɪ/ adv: stagger giddily round the room 在房间各处摇摇摆摆地走.giddiness / gɪdɪnɪs; ˋɡɪdɪnɪs/ n [U] giddy feeling 眩晕感; 头晕; 头昏.
gild
/ gɪld; ɡɪld/ v [Tn]
1 : to overlay with or as if with a thin covering of gold E: gild a picture-frame 给画框涂上金色. white walls of houses gilded by the morning sun 金色晨光照耀下的房子的白墙.2 a : to give money to b : to give an attractive but often deceptive appearance to c archaic : to make bloody
gild the pill make (sth) unpleasant but necessary seem attractive 苦药裹糖衣（将讨厌的但必要的事物弄得吸引人）. –gilder noun
–gild the lily : to add unnecessary ornamentation to something beautiful in its own right
gild the lily to spoil sth that is already good or beautiful by trying to improve it: Some people add a little brandy to the recipe but I feel this is gilding the lily
gilded adj [attrib 作定语] wealthy and of the upper-classes 富有的; 上层阶级的: the gilded youth (ie young people) of the Edwardian era 爱德华时代的富贵年轻人.gilder / gɪldə(r); ˋɡɪldɚ/ n person who gilds things 金饰工人.gilding / `gɪldɪŋ; ˋɡɪldɪŋ/ n [U]
1 applying of gilt to sth 在某物上覆金箔或涂金色.
2 material with which things are gilded; surface made by such material 饰金用的或金色的材料; 金饰或金色的表面.
gimmick
/ ˈgɪmɪk; ˋɡɪmɪk/ n
1 a : a mechanical device for secretly and dishonestly controlling gambling apparatus b : an ingenious or novel mechanical device : GADGET
2 a : an important feature that is not immediately apparent : CATCH b : an ingenious and usually new scheme or angle c : a trick or device used to attract business or attention a marketing gimmick a promotional/publicity/sales gimmick 推销的[宣传的/兜售的]噱头a flashy expensive car with all sorts of gimmicks like self-winding windows 装置有各式小革新如自动升降窗的豪华昂贵汽车. –gimmicky -mi-kē\ adjective
ginger
/ ˈdʒɪndʒə(r); ˋdʒɪndʒɚ/ n [U]
1 a (1) : a thickened pungent aromatic rhizome that is used as a spice and sometimes medicinally E: crystallized ginger 糖姜 * ground, root, stem ginger 姜粉﹑ 姜丝﹑ 蜜饯姜. (2) : the spice usually prepared by drying and grinding ginger b : any of a genus (Zingiber of the family Zingiberaceae, the ginger family) of herbs with pungent aromatic rhizomes especially : a widely cultivated tropical herb (Z. officinale) that supplies most commercial ginger ― compare WILD GINGER 2 : PEP *the ginger to⋯work hard ― Willa Cather* The football team needs a bit more ginger in it. 这支足球队需要些活力.3 : a light reddish or reddish-brown color *ginger hair* His hair was a bright shade of ginger. 他的头发带一点姜黄色. –gingery \'jinj-rē, 'jin-jə-\ adjective
1 a (1) : a thickened pungent aromatic rhizome that is used as a spice and sometimes medicinally E: crystallized ginger 糖姜 * ground, root, stem ginger 姜粉﹑ 姜丝﹑ 蜜饯姜. (2) : the spice usually prepared by drying and grinding ginger b : any of a genus (Zingiber of the family Zingiberaceae, the ginger family) of herbs with pungent aromatic rhizomes especially : a widely cultivated tropical herb (Z. officinale) that supplies most commercial ginger ― compare WILD GINGER 2 : PEP *the ginger to⋯work hard ― Willa Cather* The football team needs a bit more ginger in it. 这支足球队需要些活力.3 : a light reddish or reddish-brown color *ginger hair* His hair was a bright shade of ginger. 他的头发带一点姜黄色. –gingery \'jinj-rē, 'jin-jə-\ adjective
: to make lively : pep up ginger up the tourist trade ― N.Y. Times
Some dancing would ginger up the party. 跳跳舞就可以使聚会活跃起来. * The Prime Minister appointed some new ministers to ginger up her administration. 首相任命一些新大臣以增强她现届政府的活力.
gingery / dʒɪndʒərɪ; ˋdʒɪndʒərɪ/ adj (somewhat) like ginger （有点）似姜的; 姜味的: a gingery flavour 姜味 * a gingery colour 姜黄色.# ginger-ale, ginger-beer ns [U] types of non-alcoholic fizzy drink flavoured with ginger 姜味汽水.gingerbread n [U] 1 ginger-flavoured treacle cake or biscuit 姜味饼. ginger group group within a larger group (esp in a political party) urging a more active or livelier policy 活跃的或激进的集团（尤指政党中的）.ginger-nut, ginger-snap ns types of ginger-flavoured biscuit 姜味薄脆饼.
take the gilt off the gingerbread do or be sth which makes a situation or achievement less attractive or worthwhile （做出）使情况或成就失色的事物.
gingerly
另一词源: very cautious or careful
–gingerliness noun
–gingerly adverb
girder
: a horizontal main structural member (as in a building or bridge) that supports vertical loads and that consists of a single piece or of more than one piece bound together
bonE:body＝girder:skyscraper 骨骼支撑身体＝大梁支撑大厦ballast:stability＝girder:support压舱物的作用是稳定＝大梁的作用是支撑”
girth
/ gɜːθ; ɡəθ/ n
1 : a band or strap that encircles the body of an animal to fasten something (as a saddle) on its back
2 a : a measure around a body a man of more than average girth the girth of a tree b : SIZE, DIMENSIONS a tree 1 metre in girth/with a girth of 1 metres 干围1米[1? 米]. (b) waist measurement of a person （人的）腰围, 腰身: His girth is 1 metres. 他的腰身为1米. * a man of enormous girth 腰围粗大的男子.
vt.1 : ENCIRCLE
2 : to bind or fasten with a girth
3 : to measure the girth of
gist
/ dʒɪst; dʒɪst/ n
1 : the ground of a legal action
2 : the main point or part : ESSENCE the gist of an argument
get (ie understand) the gist of an argument, a conversation, a book 理解一场辩论﹑ 一次谈话﹑ 一部书的主旨.
glacial
/ ˈgleɪsɪəl; US ˈgleɪʃl; ˋɡleʃəl/ adj
1 : suggestive of icE: as a : extremely cold : FRIGID a glacial wind glacial winds, temperatures, etc 寒风﹑ 低温 * the glacial waters of the Arctic 北极寒冷的水域. b : devoid of warmth and cordiality a glacial handshakea glacial smile, manner, silence 冷冷的微笑﹑ 举止﹑ 沉默 * glacial indifference, politeness 冷漠﹑ 冷淡的礼貌. c : coldly imperturbable maintained a glacial calm
2 : of a purity marked by the tendency to readily solidify in the form of ice-like crystals glacial acetic acid
3 a (1) : of, relating to, or being any of those parts of geologic time from Precambrian onward when a much larger portion of the earth was covered by glaciers than at present E: the glacial era/epoch/period, ie the time when much of the northern hemisphere was covered by ice 冰期（亦称‘冰川期’﹑ ‘冰河时代’或‘冰河期’）. (2) capitalized : PLEISTOCENE b : of, relating to, or produced by glaciers c : suggestive of the very slow movement of glaciers progress on the bill has been glacial
–glacially -shə-lē\ adverb
glacial:cold＝profound:deep 极冷是很冷＝极深是很深glacial:slow 极慢的:缓慢的”
glade
: an open space surrounded by woods
–glady 'glā-dē\ adjective
gladE:forest＝oasis:desert＝archipelago:ocean空地被森林包围＝绿洲被沙漠包围＝群岛被海洋包围”
oasis
/ əuˈeɪsɪs; oˋesɪs/ n (pl oases / -siːz; -siz/)
1 : a fertile or green area in an arid region (as a desert)
2 : something that provides refuge, relief, or pleasant contrast
The study was an oasis of calm in a noisy household. 在喧闹的家中, 书房可谓宁静之一隅.
gladiator
/ ˈglædɪeɪtə(r); ˋɡlædɪˏetɚ/
1 : a person engaged in a fight to the death as public entertainment for ancient Romans
2 : a person engaging in a public fight or controversy
3 : a trained fighter especially : a professional boxer
–gladiatorial \,gla-dē-ə-‘tȯr-ē-əl\ adjective
lawyer:courtroom＝gladiator:arena律师在法庭上争辩＝角斗士在竞技场上打斗
glancing
adj [attrib 作定语] that is deflected rather than striking with full force （未正面击中）偏斜的: strike sb a glancing blow 给某人一击而打偏.
peruse
1 a : to examine or consider with attention and in detail : STUDY b : to look over or through in a casual or cursory manner
2 : READ especially : to read over in an attentive or leisurely manner
–perusal -‘rü-zəl\ noun
–peruser noun
peck:kiss＝glancE:look 轻吻是随便一吻＝一瞥是随便一看
glare
intransitive verb
1 a : to shine with a harsh uncomfortably brilliant light E: The searchlights glared, illuminating the prison yard. 探照灯发出强光, 照亮监狱场地. * the sun glaring (down) mercilessly from a clear sky 透过晴空太阳正毒. b : STAND OUT, OBTRUDE
2 : to stare angrily or fiercely E: He didn’t shout or swear, but just glared silently at me. 他不喊不骂, 只是默默地怒视着我.transitive verb
1 : to express (as hostility) by staring angrily
2 archaic : to cause to be sharply reflected
n.1 a : a harsh uncomfortably bright light the glare of a neon sign the glare of publicity especially : painfully bright sunlight E: avoid the glare of the sun, of car headlights, etc 避开耀眼的阳光﹑ 汽车前灯的强光. b : cheap showy brilliance : GARISHNESS
2 : an angry or fierce stare E: give sb a hostile glare 含敌意地注视某人.3 : a surface or sheet of smooth and slippery ice
the ,glare of publicity constant attention from newspapers, television, etc 经常在报纸﹑ 电视等上报道的; 受公众注目: The hearings were conducted in the full glare of publicity. 那审讯是在公众密切关注下进行的.
glaring / gleərɪŋ; ɡlɛrɪŋ/ adj
1 dazzling 令人目眩的: glaring lights 耀眼的灯光.
2 angry; fierce 生气的; 凶狠的: glaring eyes 怒目.
3 [usu attrib 通常作定语] (fig 比喻) that cannot or should not be ignored; gross 不能或不应忽视的; 明显的: a glaring abuse, error, injustice,omission 明显的滥用﹑ 错误﹑ 不公﹑ 疏漏. glaringly adv.
cacophony:sound＝glarE:light 刺耳是声音刺耳＝刺眼是光刺眼”
glaze
transitive verb
1 : to furnish or fit with glass E: glaze a window, house, etc 给窗户﹑ 房子等安装玻璃.
2 a : to coat with or as if with a glaze the storm glazed trees with ice b : to apply a glaze to glaze doughnuts glazed pottery, porcelain, bricks, etc, ie covered with a liquid which when baked gives a hard glass-like surface 上釉的陶器﹑ 瓷器﹑ 砖等 * Glaze the pie with beaten egg. 在馅饼上涂上打匀的蛋液使表面发亮.
3 : to give a smooth glossy surface to
intransitive verb
1 : to become glazed or glassy my eyes glazed over After six glasses of vodka his eyes glazed over and he remembered nothing more. 他喝了六杯伏特加之後, 眼神发呆, 什麽都再也记不住了.
2 : to form a glaze
–glazer noun
glazed adj dull and lifeless, esp with expressionless eyes 呆滞无神的; （尤指）无眼神的: the glazed faces/expressions of the survivors 生还者木然呆滞的面孔[表情] * eyes glazed with boredom 厌倦无神的眼睛
glib
1 a : marked by ease and informality : NONCHALANT b : showing little forethought or preparation : OFFHAND glib answers c : lacking depth and substance : SUPERFICIAL glib solutions to knotty problems glib arguments, excuses, etc 诡辩的论据﹑ 藉口等 *2 archaic : SMOOTH, SLIPPERY
3 : marked by ease and fluency in speaking or writing often to the point of being insincere or deceitful a glib politician
–glibly adverb
–glibness noun
FLASH, GLEAM, GLINT, SPARKLE, GLITTER, GLISTEN, GLIMMER, SHIMMER
FLASH, GLEAM, GLINT, SPARKLE, GLITTER, GLISTEN, GLIMMER, SHIMMER
glitch n.
1 a : a usually minor malfunction a glitch in a spacecraft’s fuel cell also : 2BUG 2 b : a minor problem that causes a temporary setback : SNAG
2 : a false or spurious electronic signal
–glitchy 'gli-chē\ adjective
snag
/ snæg; snæɡ/ n
1 a : a tree or branch embedded in a lake or stream bed and constituting a hazard to navigation b : a standing dead tree
2 : a rough sharp or jagged projecting part : PROTUBERANCE: as a : a projecting tooth also : a stump of a tooth b : one of the secondary branches of an antler
3 : a concealed or unexpected difficulty or obstacle E: come across a snag 碰到点困难 * We hit (ie encountered) several snags while still at the planning stage. 我们在计画阶段就遇到了几个困难. * There must be a snag in it somewhere. 一定是在某处出了个小故障. * The only snag is that I have no money. 唯一的困难是我没钱.4 a : a jagged tear made by or as if by catching on a snag b : an irregularity that suggests the result of tearing especially : a pulled thread in fabric a snag in her stocking I have a snag in my best black tights. 我最好的一条黑裤袜给划破了. –snaggy 'sna-gē\ adjective
2snag 2 n.
Function: transitive verb
Inflected Form: snagged ; snagging
DatE: 1807
1 a : to catch and usually damage on or as if on a snag b : to halt or impede as if by catching on a snag
2 : to hew, trim, or cut roughly or jaggedly
3 : to clear (as a river) of snags
4 : to catch or obtain usually by quick action or good fortune
Her tights were badly snagged. 她的裤袜划破了一大片. * He snagged his sweater on the wire fence. 他的毛衣在铁丝网上钩破了.
gloat
/ gləut; ɡlot/
v.1 obsolete : to look or glance admiringly or amorously
2 : to observe or think about something with triumphant and often malicious satisfaction, gratification, or delight gloat over an enemy’s misfortune Stop gloating just because you won the game! 别因为赢了就扬扬得意! * It’s nothing to gloat about. 没有什麽可幸灾乐祸的. * a miser gloating over his gold 望着自己的金子而沾沾自喜的守财奴. –gloater noun
–gloatingly adverb
primp
transitive verb : to dress, adorn, or arrange in a careful or finicky manner
intransitive verb : to dress or groom oneself carefully primps for hours before a date
primp and preen in front of a mirror 对着镜子精心打扮.
primp oneself up make oneself look smart 把自己打扮得漂漂亮亮.
vain
1 : having no real value : IDLE, WORTHLESS vain pretensions vain promises, triumphs, pleasures 空头的许诺﹑ 虚无的胜利﹑ 空欢喜. 2 : marked by futility or ineffectualness : UNSUCCESSFUL, USELESS vain efforts to escape a vain attempt 劳而无功的努力 * in the vain hope of persuading him 指望说服他而徒费口舌3 archaic : FOOLISH, SILLY
4 : having or showing undue or excessive pride in one’s appearance or achievements : CONCEITED
synonyms see FUTILE
–vainly adverb
–vainness 'vān-nəs\ noun
–in vain
1 : to no end : without success or result her efforts were in vain
2 : in an irreverent or blasphemous manner you shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain ― Deut 5:11 (RSV)
synonyms VAIN, NUGATORY, OTIOSE, IDLE, EMPTY, HOLLOW mean being without worth or significance. VAIN implies either absolute or relative absence of value vain promises. NUGATORY suggests triviality or insignificance a monarch with nugatory powers. OTIOSE suggests that something serves no purpose and is either an encumbrance or a superfluity a film without a single otiose scene. IDLE suggests being incapable of worthwhile use or effect idle speculations. EMPTY and HOLLOW suggest a deceiving lack of real substance or soundness or genuineness an empty attempt at reconciliation a hollow victory.
in vain
1 : to no end : without success or result her efforts were in vain
2 : in an irreverent or blasphemous manner you shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain ― Deut 5:11 (RSV)
take in vain to use (a name) profanely or without proper respect
nugatory
/ ˈnjuːgətərɪ; US ˈnuːgətɔːrɪ; ˋnuɡəˏtɔrɪ/ adj
1 : of little or no consequence : TRIFLING, INCONSEQUENTIAL
2 : having no force : INOPERATIVE
otiose
/ ˈəutɪəus; US ˈəuʃɪəus; ˋoʃɪˏos/ adj
1 : producing no useful result : FUTILE long, otiose passages of description 冗长而多余的描写段落.
2 : being at leisure : IDLE
3 : lacking use or effect : FUNCTIONLESS
gloom
/ gluːm; ɡlum/ n
intransitive verb
1 : to look, feel, or act sullen or despondent
2 : to be or become overcast
3 : to loom up dimly
transitive verb : to make dark, murky, or somber : make gloomy
intransitive verb
1 : to look, feel, or act sullen or despondent
2 : to be or become overcast
3 : to loom up dimly
transitive verb : to make dark, murky, or somber : make gloomy
gloomy / `gluːmɪ; ˋɡlumɪ/ adj (-ier, -iest)
1 dark or unlighted, esp in a way that is depressing or frightening 阴暗的, 黑暗的（尤指使人沮丧或恐惧）: a gloomy corner, passage, room, house 黑暗的角落﹑ 过道﹑ 屋子﹑ 房子 * a gloomy day, ie with dark clouds and dull light 阴沉沉的一天.
2 (that makes people feel) sad and depressed （使人感到）忧愁的, 沮丧的: a gloomy outlook, prospect, etc 悲观的看法﹑ 前景等 * What are you so gloomy about? Cheer up! 你为什麽情绪这麽低落? 振作起来吧! * a gloomy face, expression, voice, person 忧伤的面孔﹑ 表情﹑ 声音﹑ 人. gloomily / -ɪlɪ;-ɪlɪ/ adv. gloominess n [U].
saturnine
/ ˈsætənaɪn; ˋsætɚˏnaɪn/ adj
1 : born under or influenced astrologically by the planet Saturn
2 a : cold and steady in mood : slow to act or change b : of a gloomy or surly disposition c : having a sardonic aspect a saturnine smile
synonyms see SULLEN
SULLEN, GLUM, MOROSE, SURLY, SULKY, CRABBED, SATURNINE, GLOOMY mean showing a forbidding or disagreeable mood. SULLEN implies a silent ill humor and a refusal to be sociable remained sullen amid the festivities. GLUM suggests a silent dispiritedness a glum candidate left to ponder a stunning defeat. MOROSE adds to GLUM an element of bitterness or misanthropy morose job seekers who are inured to rejection. SURLY implies gruffness and sullenness of speech or manner a typical surly teenager. SULKY suggests childish resentment expressed in peevish sullenness grew sulky after every spat. CRABBED applies to a forbidding morose harshness of manner the school’s notoriously crabbed headmaster. SATURNINE describes a heavy forbidding aspect or suggests a bitter disposition a saturnine cynic always finding fault. GLOOMY implies a depression in mood making for seeming sullenness or glumness a gloomy mood ushered in by bad news.
gloss 1
/ glɔs; ɡlɔs/
n.1 : a surface luster or brightness : SHINE With this polish you can give a good high gloss to the wood. 使用这种上光蜡可使木器表面极为平滑光亮. * the gloss on sb’s hair 某人头发的光泽.
2 a : a deceptively attractive appearance selfishness that had a gloss of humanitarianism about itacquire a pleasing social gloss, ie attractive manners, etc 培养社交中体面的风度 * the gloss and glitter of Hollywood 好莱坞的虚荣与豪华 * a gloss of respectability, ie cover for a life of secret wrongdoing 道貌岸然的假象. b : bright often superficial attractiveness show-biz gloss
3 : a transparent cosmetic preparation for adding shine and usually color to the lips
v. a : to mask the true nature of : give a deceptively attractive appearance to ― used with over the misery was general, where not glossed over by liberal application of alcohol ― Marston Bates b : to deal with (a subject or problem) too lightly or not at all ― used with over glosses over scholarly controversies rather than confronting them head-on ― John Israel gloss over the awkward facts 掩饰令人尴尬的事实.
2 : to give a gloss to
glossary
/ ˈglɔsərɪ; ˋɡlɑsərɪ/
n list of technical or special words (esp those occurring in a particular text) explaining their meanings （注释）词汇表, 术语或专门词语汇编, 集注（尤指针对某篇文字的）
glossy
adj.1 : having a surface luster or brightness rich glossy leather glossy paper
2 : attractive in an artificially opulent, sophisticated, or smoothly captivating manner : SLICK lots of glossy and phony chatter
synonyms see SLEEK
–glossily -sə-lē\ adverb
–glossiness -sē-nəs\ noun
glower
/ ˈglauə(r); ˋɡlaʊɚ/ v
: to look or stare with sullen annoyance or anger
He sat glowering at his opponent. 他坐在那里怒视着对手. *
the glowering sky, ie with dark clouds 阴沉的天空.
glut
/ glʌt; ɡlʌt/ v (-tt-) [Tn, Tn.pr]
transitive verb
1 : to fill especially with food to satiety E: glut oneself with rich food, on cream buns 大吃油腻食物﹑ 奶油面包 * (fig 比喻) glutted with pleasure 纵情享乐.
2 : to flood (the market) with goods so that supply exceeds demand
glut the market with cheap apples from abroad 进口过量的廉价苹果供应市场.intransitive verb : to eat gluttonously
v. to swallow greedily
glutonous
glutton
/ ˈglʌtn; ˋɡlʌtn/ n
person who eats too much 贪吃的人; 吃得过多的人: You’ve eaten the whole pie, you glutton! 你把整块馅饼都给吃了, 你这贪吃鬼!
~ for sth (infml 口) person always ready for more (of sth difficult or unpleasant) 甘愿承受更多困难﹑ 不快事物的人: a glutton for punishment, (hard) work, etc 对惩罚﹑ （艰苦的）工作等无所畏惧的人.
> gluttonous / ˈglʌtənəs; ˋɡlʌtnəs/ adj very greedy for food 贪吃的; 贪嘴的. gluttonously adv.
gluttony / -tənɪ; -tnɪ/ n [U] habit or practice of eating (and drinking) too much 贪吃; 大吃八喝.
gnarl
: SNARL, GROWL
gnarled
/ nɑːld; nɑrld/ adj
1 : full of knots or gnarls : KNOTTY gnarled hands hands gnarled with age 经年操劳而骨节嶙峋的手2 : crabbed in disposition, aspect, or character
goad
/ gəud; ɡod/
n.1 a : something that pains as if by pricking : THORN b : something that urges or stimulates into action : SPUR motivated by the twin goads of punishment and reward 受赏与罚的双重因素所促使的.
2 : a pointed rod used to urge on an animal
v.1 a : something that pains as if by pricking : THORN b : something that urges or stimulates into action : SPUR motivated by the twin goads of punishment and reward 受赏与罚的双重因素所促使的.
2 : a pointed rod used to urge on an animal
gobble 1
/ ˈgɔbl; ˋɡɑbl/ v
vt.
1 : to swallow or eat greedily E: Eat slowly and don’t gobble! 慢点吃, 别狼吞虎咽的! * gobble one’s food (down) in a hurry 匆匆忙忙吞（下）食物 * gobble up all the cakes 大口吃光所有的蛋糕.
2 : to take eagerly : GRAB ― usually used with up E: The rent gobbles up half his earnings. 租金一项就占去他一半的收入. * Small family businesses are often gobbled up by larger firms. 家庭小商业遭到大公司的吞并
3 : to read rapidly or greedily ― usually used with up
vi.1 : to make the natural guttural noise of a male turkey
2 : to make a sound resembling the gobble of a turkey
–gobble noun
gobbler / `gɔblə(r); ˋɡɑblɚ/ n (US) male turkey 雄火鸡.
swill
/ swɪl; swɪl/ v
transitive verb
1 : WASH, DRENCH swill down the front steps 冲洗屋前的台阶 * He swilled his mouth out with antiseptic. 他用杀菌剂漱口.2 : to drink great drafts of : GUZZLE swill beer
3 : to feed (as a pig) with swill
intransitive verb
1 : to drink or eat freely, greedily, or to excess
2 : SWASH Beer swilled around the bottom of the barrel. 啤酒在桶底晃荡. * Muddy water swilled over the planks. 泥浆在木板上流过. –swiller noun
slop
/ slɔp; slɑp/
v (-pp-)
[Ipr, Ip] (of liquids) spill over the edge, esp of a container （指液体）溢出, 泼出（尤指从容器中）: I dropped the bucket, and water sloppedout (of it). 我把桶掉在地上, 水都洒了出来. * The tea slopped (over) into the saucer. 茶溢出流到茶托里了.
[Tn, Tn.pr, Tn.p] cause (sth) to spill 使（某物）溢出或泼出: slop the beer, paint, etc carelessly (all over the floor) 不小心把啤酒﹑ 油漆等洒了一地 * She slopped the dirty water (out) onto the grass. 她把污水泼在草地上了.
(phr v) slop about/around (of liquids) move around in a small space, esp a container （指液体）晃荡（尤指在容器里）: Water was slopping around in the bottom of the boat. 水在船底晃晃荡荡的. slop about/around (in sth) (of people) splash around （指人）用手或脚溅水: Why do some children like slopping around in puddles? 为什麽有些儿童爱在水坑里泼水玩? slop out empty slops (slop n 1, 2) 倒污水; 倒（尿桶﹑ 便盆等）.
> slop n (usu pl 通常作复数)
1 dirty waste water from sinks, baths, etc （洗涤槽﹑ 浴缸等的）污水.
2 urine, excrement and waste water contained in a bucket in prison cells that have no toilet or sink （在无?生设备的牢房里用便桶盛的）粪便与废水: [attrib 作定语] a `slop-bucket 便桶.
3 (a) swill for pigs （喂猪的）剩菜屑. (b) liquid food (eg milk, soup) esp for sick people 流质食物（如牛奶﹑ 汤等, 尤指供病人食用的）.
goblet
glass, metal, etc drinking-vessel (for wine) with a stem and base, but no handle （玻璃﹑ 金属等的）高脚（酒）杯.
goldbrick
n.
1 a : a worthless brick that appears to be of gold b : something that appears to be valuable but is actually worthless
2 : a person who shirks assigned work
gospel
/ ˈgɔspl; ˋɡɑspl/ n
1 a often capitalized : the message concerning Christ, the kingdom of God, and salvation b capitalized : one of the first four New Testament books telling of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ also : a similar apocryphal book c : an interpretation of the Christian message the social gospel
2 capitalized : a lection from one of the New Testament Gospels
3 : the message or teachings of a religious teacher
4 : something accepted or promoted as infallible truth or as a guiding principle or doctrine took her words as gospel spreading the gospel of conservation ― R. M. Hodesh spreading the gospel of hard work 宣传努力工作的原则 * the gospel according to which one lives 生活的准则 * Health of body and mind is my gospel. 保持身心健康是我的信条.5 : gospel music
–gospelly 'gäs-pə-lē\ adjective
gossamer
/ ˈgɔsəmə(r); ˋɡɑsəmɚ/ n [U]
1 : a film of cobwebs floating in air in calm clear weather
2 : something light, delicate, or insubstantial the gossamer of youth’s dreams ― Andrea Parke a veil spun of the finest gossamer 精纺的面纱 * [attrib 作定语] the gossamer wings of a fly 薄如轻纱的蝇翅. –gossamery -mə-rē\ adjective
gourmand
1 : one who is excessively fond of eating and drinking
2 : one who is heartily interested in good food and drink
synonyms see EPICURE
–gourmandism 'gu̇r-,män-,di-zəm, -mən-\ noun
–gourmandize -,dīz\ intransitive verb
cineast
: a devotee of motion pictures also : MOVIEMAKER
gracious
/ ˈgreɪʃəs; ˋɡreʃəs/ adj
1 a obsolete : GODLY b archaic : PLEASING, ACCEPTABLE
2 a : marked by kindness and courtesy a gracious host b : GRACEFUL c : marked by tact and delicacy : URBANE d : characterized by charm, good taste, generosity of spirit, and the tasteful leisure of wealth and good breeding gracious living
3 : MERCIFUL, COMPASSIONATE ― used conventionally of royalty and high nobility
–graciously adverb
–graciousness noun
synonyms GRACIOUS, CORDIAL, AFFABLE, GENIAL, SOCIABLE mean markedly pleasant and easy in social intercourse. GRACIOUS implies courtesy and kindly consideration the gracious award winner thanked her colleagues. CORDIAL stresses warmth and heartiness our host was cordial as he greeted us. AFFABLE implies easy approachability and readiness to respond pleasantly to conversation or requests or proposals though wealthy, she was affable to all. GENIAL stresses cheerfulness and even joviality a genial companion with a ready quip. SOCIABLE suggests a genuine liking for the companionship of others sociable people who enjoy entertaining.
grain
1 a (1) obsolete : a single small hard seed (2) : a seed or fruit of a cereal grass : CARYOPSIS b : the seeds or fruits of various food plants including the cereal grasses and in commercial and statutory usage other plants (as the soybean) c : plants producing grain
2 a (1) : a small hard particle or crystal (2) : any of the particles produced in a photographic material by its development also : the size of such grains in the aggregate (3) : an individual crystal in a metal b : a minute portion or particle c : the least amount possible a grain of truth
3 a : kermes or a scarlet dye made from it b : cochineal or a brilliant scarlet dye made from it c : a fast dye d archaic : COLOR, TINT
4 a : a granulated surface or appearance b : the outer or hair side of a skin or hide
5 : a unit of weight based on the weight of a grain of wheat taken as an average of the weight of grains from the middle of the ear ― see WEIGHT table
6 a : the stratification of the wood fibers in a piece of wood b : a texture due to constituent particles or fibers the grain of a rock c : the direction of threads in cloth
7 : tactile quality
8 a : natural disposition : TEMPER lying goes against my grain b : a basic or characteristic quality c : a prevalent ideology or convention teaching against the grain
(be/go) against the grain (be) contrary to one’s nature or inclination 与自己的性格﹑ 意愿格格不入: It really goes against the grain to have to go into the office at weekends, ie I do not like it. 我真不愿意周末还要上班. –grained 'grānd\ adjective
–grainless adjective
grandiose
/ ˈgrændɪəus; ˋɡrændɪˏos/ adj
1 : characterized by affectation of grandeur or splendor or by absurd exaggeration E: a grandiose building, style, etc 华而不实的建筑﹑ 风格等 *2 : impressive because of uncommon largeness, scope, effect, or grandeur E: She had some grandiose (ie overambitious) plan to start up her own company. 她有个野心勃勃的大计画, 想独立创办公司.
granite
/ ˈgrænɪt; ˋɡrænɪt/ n
1 : a very hard natural igneous rock formation of visibly crystalline texture formed essentially of quartz and orthoclase or microcline and used especially for building and for monuments
2 : unyielding firmness or endurance the cold granite of Puritan formalism ― V. L. Parrington
GRAPHIC, VIVID, PICTURESQUE
mean giving a clear visual impression in words. GRAPHIC stresses the evoking of a clear lifelike picture a graphic account of combat. VIVID suggests an impressing on the mind of the vigorous aliveness of something a vivid re-creation of an exciting event. PICTURESQUE suggests the presentation of a striking or effective picture composed of features notable for their distinctness and charm a picturesque account of his travels.
graphite
/ ˈgræfaɪt; ˋɡræfaɪt/ n
1 : a soft black lustrous form of carbon that conducts electricity and is used in lead pencils and electrolytic anodes, as a lubricant, and as a moderator in nuclear reactors
2 : a composite material in which carbon fibers are the reinforcing material
–graphitic \gra-‘fi-tik\ adjective
grasping
/ ˈgrɑːspɪŋ; US ˈgræspɪŋ; ˋɡræspɪŋ/ adj
: desiring material possessions urgently and excessively and often to the point of ruthlessness
covetous
1 : marked by inordinate desire for wealth or possessions or for another’s possessions
2 : having a craving for possession covetous of power
–covetously adverb
–covetousness noun
synonyms COVETOUS, GREEDY, ACQUISITIVE, GRASPING, AVARICIOUS mean having or showing a strong desire for especially material possessions. COVETOUS implies inordinate desire often for another’s possessions covetous of his brother’s country estate. GREEDY stresses lack of restraint and often of discrimination in desire greedy for status symbols. ACQUISITIVE implies both eagerness to possess and ability to acquire and keep an eagerly acquisitive mind. GRASPING adds to COVETOUS and GREEDY an implication of selfishness and often suggests unfair or ruthless means a hard grasping trader who cheated the natives. AVARICIOUS implies obsessive acquisitiveness especially of money and strongly suggests stinginess an avaricious miser.
gratify
/ ˈgrætɪfaɪ; ˋɡrætəˏfaɪ/ v (pt, pp -fied) (fml 文)
[Tn esp passive 尤用於被动语态] give pleasure or satisfaction to (sb) 使（某人）高兴或满意: I was most gratified at/by/with the outcome of the meeting. 我对会议的结果感到极其满意. * It gratified me to hear of your success. 获悉你取得成功我甚感欣慰. * I was gratified that they appreciated what I did for them. 使我感到欣慰的是, 我为他们做的事他们很领情.
[Tn] give (sb) what is desired; indulge 满足（某人）所欲; 纵容: gratify a person’s whims 满足一人的奇想 * To gratify my curiosity, do tell me what it is. 为满足我的好奇心, 你一定得告诉我那是什麽.
> gratification / ˏgrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn; ˏgrætəfəˋkeʃən/ n (fml 文)
1 [U] gratifying or being gratified; state of being pleased or satisfied 喜悦; 满意; 满足: the gratification of knowing one’s plans have succeeded 得知计画实现後的喜悦 * sexual gratification 性满足.
2 [C] thing that gives one pleasure or satisfaction 令人高兴或满意的事物: one of the few gratifications of an otherwise boring job 枯燥的工作中少有的一项乐趣.
gratifying adj ~ (to do sth/that…) (fml 文) pleasing; satisfying 令人高兴的; 令人满意的: It is gratifying to see one’s efforts rewarded. 看到自己的努力有所收获是令人高兴的. gratifyingly adv.
grate
transitive verb
1 archaic : ABRADE
2 : to reduce to small particles by rubbing on something rough grate cheese Grate the carrot finely/into small pieces. 把胡萝卜擦成细丝[末]. * grated cheese, carrot, etc 磨碎的乾酪﹑ 胡萝卜等 * Grate the nutmeg into the mixture/over the pudding. 把肉荳蔻磨碎放入混合料中[撒在布丁上].3 : FRET, IRRITATE
4 a : to gnash or grind noisily E: The hinges grated as the gate swung back. 大门自动关上时, 合叶发出吱嘎的响声b : to cause to make a rasping sound c : to utter in a harsh voice
intransitive verb
1 : to rub or rasp noisily
2 : to cause irritation : JAR a voice that grates on the nerves His voice grates (on my ears). 他的嗓音刺（我的）耳（朵）. * His bad manners grate on my nerves. 他没有礼貌让我心烦. * It’s her ingratitude that grates on me. 是她忘恩负义把我惹火了. –grater noun
–gratingly 'grā-tiŋ-lē\ adverb
n.1 a : a barred frame for cooking over a fire b : a frame or bed of iron bars to hold a stove or furnace fire c : FIREPLACE
2 : GRATING 2
3 obsolete : CAGE, PRISON
gratuitous
/ grəˈtjuːɪtəs; US -ˈtuː-; ɡrəˋtuətəs/ adj
1 a : given unearned or without recompense b : not involving a return benefit, compensation, or consideration c : costing nothing : FREE
2 : not called for by the circumstances : UNWARRANTED gratuitous insolence a gratuitous assumption a gratuitous insult 无端的侮辱 * a gratuitous lie/liar 胡诌[胡诌的人] * scenes of gratuitous violence on TV 电视节目中多此一举的暴力场面 –gratuitously adverb
–gratuitousness noun
gratuitous:justification＝impertinent:propriety无理由的不会认为有理＝鲁莽的不会适当
gravel
n.1 obsolete : SAND
2 a : loose rounded fragments of rock b : a stratum or deposit of gravel also : a surface covered with gravel a gravel road a load of gravel 一车砾石 * [attrib 作定语] a gravel path 石子路 * a gravel pit, ie from which gravel is dug 砾石采掘场.
3 : small calculi in the kidneys and urinary bladder
v.1 : to cover or spread with gravel E: gravel a road 以石子铺路 * a gravelled path 砾石铺成的小路.
2 a : PERPLEX, CONFOUND b : IRRITATE, NETTLE disappointed⋯and graveled him a good deal ― Mark Twain
1 : to cover or spread with gravel E: gravel a road 以石子铺路 * a gravelled path 砾石铺成的小路.
2 a : PERPLEX, CONFOUND b : IRRITATE, NETTLE disappointed⋯and graveled him a good deal ― Mark Twain
gravelly / `grævəlɪ; ˋɡrævəlɪ/ adj
(full) of gravel （多）砂砾的: This gravelly soil is well drained and good for growing root crops. 这沙土地利於排水, 适於种植块根作物.
(fig esp approv 比喻, 尤作褒义) (of a voice) deep and rough （指声音）低沉而沙哑的.
gravel:pebble＝crowd:person小卵石组成一堆碎石＝人组成人群”
graze 1
/ greɪz; ɡrez/ v
intransitive verb
1 : to feed on growing herbage, attached algae, or phytoplankton E: cattle grazing in the fields 在田野里吃青草的牛.2 : to eat small portions of food throughout the day
transitive verb
1 a : to crop and eat in the field b : to feed on the herbage of E: graze sheep 牧羊.
2 a : to put to graze grazed the cows on the meadow b : to put cattle to graze on
3 : to supply herbage for the grazing of
–grazeable or grazable 'grā-zə-bəl\ adjective
–grazer noun
transitive verb
1 : to touch lightly in passing E: bullet grazed his cheek. 子弹擦伤了他的面颊. * a missile which flies so low that it almost grazes the tops of the hedgerows 低得几乎擦树篱而过的子弹 * The car’s tyres grazed (against) the kerb. 汽车轮胎蹭到路边石.
2 : ABRADE, SCRATCH grazed her knee when she fell graze one’s arm, leg, etc against/on a rock 岩石擦破胳膊﹑ 腿等的皮 * I fell and grazed my knee. 我跌倒了, 擦破了膝盖上的皮.intransitive verb : to touch or rub against something in passing
grease
1 a : rendered animal fat b : oily matter c : a thick lubricant
The grease from pork can be used for frying. 猪肉炼出的油可用来煎炸食物. axle-grease, ie used to lubricate axles 轴用润滑脂 * He smothers his hair with grease, eg hair-oil. 他用发腊擦头发. * [attrib 作定语] Grease marks or spots can be removed with liquid detergent. 油迹或油污可用洗涤液除去.2 : wool as it comes from the sheep retaining the natural oils or fats
–greaseless 'grēs-ləs\ adjective
–greaseproof 'grēs-‘prüf\ adjective
–in the grease
of wool or fur : in the natural uncleaned condition
vt.
1 : to smear or daub with grease
2 : to lubricate with grease
3 : to soil with grease
4 : to hasten the process or progress of also : FACILITATE
–grease the hand of or grease the palm of : BRIBE
grease-gun n device for forcing grease into the parts of an engine, a machine, etc 注油枪（将润滑油注入发动机等的部件之用具）.grease-paint n [U] coloured make-up used by actors （演员用的）化装油彩.,grease-proof paper paper that does not let grease pass through it, and is used esp for cooking or wrapping food in 耐油纸（尤指用於烹调食物或包裹食物的
grievous
/ ˈgriːvəs; ˋɡrivəs/ adj
adj.1 : causing or characterized by severe pain, suffering, or sorrow a grievous wound a grievous loss
2 : OPPRESSIVE, ONEROUS grievous costs of war
3 : SERIOUS, GRAVE grievous fault
–grievously adverb If you think that, you are grievously in error. 你要是那样想, 你可就大错特错了. –grievousness noun
onerous
1 : involving, imposing, or constituting a burden : TROUBLESOME an onerous task
2 : having legal obligations that outweigh the advantages an onerous contract
–onerously adverb
–onerousness noun
synonyms ONEROUS, BURDENSOME, OPPRESSIVE, EXACTING mean imposing hardship. ONEROUS stresses being laborious and heavy especially because distasteful the onerous task of cleaning up the mess. BURDENSOME suggests causing mental as well as physical strain burdensome responsibilities. OPPRESSIVE implies extreme harshness or severity in what is imposed the oppressive tyranny of a police state. EXACTING implies rigor or sternness rather than tyranny or injustice in the demands made or in the one demanding an exacting employer.
grimace
/ grɪˈmeɪs; US ˈgrɪməs; ˋɡrɪməs/ n
: a facial expression usually of disgust, disapproval, or pain E: make/give a grimace of pain 作出[露出]痛苦的怪相.grimace v [I, Ipr] ~ (at sb/sth) make grimaces 作怪相; 作鬼脸: She grimaced in/with distaste at the thought of it. 她一想到那个就厌恶得作怪相.
smirk, sneer, frown, scowl and grimace. 试比较smirk﹑ sneer﹑ frown﹑ scowl﹑ grimace这几个词. These verbs indicate people twisting their faces to express various, usually negative, attitudes. 这几个动词表达的是面部的各种表情, 通常都表示有不好的含义. People smirk when they smile in a silly way to show that they are pleased with themselves, usually at the expense of somebody else. *smirk指自鸣得意地傻笑, 通常含幸灾乐祸之意. When we sneer, we curl our upper lip to express a superior or contemptuous attitude to other people *sneer指翘起上唇嗤笑, 流露出高人一等的或轻蔑的神情: He’s always sneering at my suggestions. 他总是对我提出的建议嗤之以鼻. We frown by bringingour eyebrows together to indicate displeasure, puzzlementor concentration. *frown指皱眉头, 表示不悦﹑ 不解或精神集中. When scowling we twist the whole face to express anger, bad temper, etc scowl指怒容满面, 表示愤怒﹑ 发脾气等: He sits alone all day scowling at passers-by. 他整天独自坐着, 横眉怒目地瞪着来往的人. We also twist the whole face when we grimace.grimace也指整个面部抽动的表情. We usually grimace for a very short time as a reaction to pain or annoyance, or to cause laughter. *grimace通常为时短暂, 是痛苦或烦恼的反应, 或是为引人发笑.
grind
/ graɪnd; ɡraɪnd/ v (pt, pp ground / graund; ɡraʊnd/)
transitive verb
1 : to reduce to powder or small fragments by friction (as in a mill or with the teeth) The elephant grinds its food with/between its powerful molars. 象用其强有力的臼齿嚼碎食物. * grind coffee beans 磨咖啡豆 * grind corn (down/up) into flour 将谷磨成粉 * grind sth to dust, to (a fine) powder, etc 将某物磨成末﹑ （细）粉等.
2 : to wear down, polish, or sharpen by friction grind an ax grind a knife, lens, etc on a stone, etc 在石头等上磨刀﹑ 镜片等.
3 a : OPPRESS, HARASS b : to weaken or destroy gradually ― usually used with down poverty ground her spirit down people ground (down) by poverty, taxation, tyranny, etc 受贫困﹑ 苛税﹑ 暴政等折磨的人民 * tyrants who grind down the poor 压榨穷人的暴君.
4 a : to press together with a rotating motion grind the teeth b : to rub or press harshly ground the cigarette out He ground his teeth (together) in frustration. 他因失败而把牙咬得咯咯响. * dirt that had become ground into the surface 落在物体表面的尘土 * (fig 比喻) grind one’s heel into the fragments, ie crush them very hard 用脚跟把破片碾碎.5 : to operate or produce by turning a crank grind a hand organ
intransitive verb
1 : to perform the operation of grinding
2 : to become pulverized, polished, or sharpened by friction
3 : to move with difficulty or friction especially so as to make a grating noise gears grinding The old engine ground and shuddered. 那台陈旧的发动机抖动着发出摩擦的声音.4 : DRUDGE especially : to study hard grind for an exam
5 : to rotate the hips in an erotic manner
grind the faces of the poor (into the dust) (rhet 修辞) deliberately cause poor people to suffer more than necessary, taking pleasure in doing so 以压迫穷人为乐. grind to a halt/standstill (a) (of a vehicle) stop slowly and noisily （指车辆）伴有噪音缓缓停住. (b) (fig 比喻) (of a process) gradually stop （指过程）逐渐停止: The strike brought industry grinding to a halt. 由於罢工生产逐渐停顿下来. have an axe to grind have private reasons for being involved in sth 有私心; 有个人打算; 另有企图: She's only doing it out of kindness she's got no particular axe to grind. 她只是出於好心--倒不是别有用心
grind on continue for a long time boringly and monotonously 烦人﹑ 乏味地继续下去: The speaker ground on, oblivious of his listeners' boredom. 演说者唠唠叨叨, 没注意到听众的厌烦情绪. grind sth out (a) produce sth by turning a handle （经转动摇柄）产生某物: grind out music from a barrel-organ 摇动筒风琴奏出音乐. (b) (derog 贬) play (music) heavily, tediously or monotonously 沉闷地﹑ 单调地或乏味地演奏（乐曲）: The jukebox ground out an incessant stream of pop music. 自动电唱机没完没了地放送流行乐曲. (c) (derog 贬) produce (books, stories, etc) with sustained but uninspired effort 无灵感却费力硬写（书﹑ 小说等）: He has been grinding out cheap romantic stories at the rate of one a week. 他一直以每周一篇的速度生拼硬凑廉价的浪漫小说. –grindingly \'grīn-diŋ-lē\ adverb
n.1 a : an act of grinding b : the sound of grinding
2 a : dreary, monotonous, or difficult labor, study, or routine E: long uphill grind in a cyclerace 自行车比赛中的一大段上坡路 * Marking examination papers is a real grind. 批改试卷的确是个苦事.
b : one who works or studies excessively
3 : the result of grinding also : material ground to a particular degree of fineness *a drip grind of coffee*
4 : the act of rotating the hips in an erotic manner
synonyms see WORK
grinding adj 1 making a harsh noise (as if) from friction 发出（似）摩擦声的; 刺耳的: The car screeched to a halt with grinding brakes. 汽车停住时发出刺耳的刹车声. 2 (idm 习语) bring sth/come to a grinding halt (infml 口) (cause sth to) stop completely （使某物）停住, 停稳. grinding poverty (rhet 修辞) extreme poverty that causes suffering 贫苦不堪.# grindstone / graɪndstəun; ˋɡraɪnd,ston/ n
1 stone shaped like a wheel, turned on an axle, against which one holds knives or other tools to sharpen them 砂轮.
2 (idm 习语) keep one’s/sb’s nose to the `grindstone (infml 口) keep oneself/sb working hard 使自己[某人]努力工作.
gripe 1
/ graɪp; ɡraɪp/ v
transitive verb
1 archaic : SEIZE, GRASP
2 a : AFFLICT, DISTRESS b : IRRITATE, VEX
3 : to cause pinching and spasmodic pain in the bowels of
a griping pain in the stomach 胃痉挛 * medicine to take when your stomach gripes 胃疼时服用的药.intransitive verb
1 : to experience gripes
2 : to complain with grumbling E: He keeps griping about having no money. 他不断地抱怨自己没钱. –griper noun
n.1 archaic : CLUTCH, GRASP broadly : CONTROL, MASTERY
2 : a pinching spasmodic intestinal pain ― usually used in plural
3 : GRIEVANCE, COMPLAINT Bring all your gripes to the boss. 你跟老板发牢骚去. He likes to have a good gripe from time to time. 他时常爱发上一通牢骚.
grisly
/ ˈgrɪzlɪ; ˋɡrɪzlɪ/ adj
1 : inspiring horror or intense fear houses that were dark and grisly under the blank, cold sky ― D. H. Lawrence
2 : inspiring disgust or distaste a grisly account of the fire
synonyms see GHASTLY
–grisliness noun
GHASTLY, GRISLY, GRUESOME, MACABRE, LURID mean horrifying and repellent in appearance or aspect. GHASTLY suggests the terrifying aspects of corpses and ghosts a ghastly accident. GRISLY and GRUESOME suggest additionally the results of extreme violence or cruelty an unusually grisly murder suffered a gruesome death. MACABRE implies a morbid preoccupation with the physical aspects of death a macabre tale of premature burial. LURID adds to GRUESOME the suggestion of shuddering fascination with violent death and especially with murder the lurid details of a crime.
lurid
1 a : causing horror or revulsion : GRUESOME b : MELODRAMATIC, SENSATIONAL also : SHOCKING paperbacks in the usual lurid covers ― T. R. Fyvel
2 a : wan and ghastly pale in appearance b : of any of several light or medium grayish colors ranging in hue from yellow to orange
3 : shining with the red glow of fire seen through smoke or cloud E: a lurid sky, sunset 火红的天空﹑ 夕照 * the lurid glow of the blazing warehouse 燃烧的仓库上耀眼的火光.synonyms see GHASTLY
–luridly adverb
–luridness noun
grit
1grit 1 n.
Pronunciation: ‘grit
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English grete, from Old English grēot; akin to Old High German grioz sand
DatE: before 12th century
1 [U]a : SAND, GRAVEL b : a hard sharp granule (as of sand) also : material (as many abrasives) composed of such granules spread grit on icy roads 往结冰的路上撒沙子 * I’ve got some grit/a piece of grit in my shoe. 我的鞋里进了沙子.2 : any of several sandstones
3 a : the structure of a stone that adapts it to grinding b : the size of abrasive particles usually expressed as their mesh
4 : firmness of mind or spirit : unyielding courage in the face of hardship or danger E: Mountaineering in a blizzard needs a lot of grit. 在暴风雪中登山需要极大的勇气和毅力.5 capitalized : a Liberal in Canadian politics
2grit 2 n.
Function: verb
Inflected Form: gritted ; gritting
DatE: 1762
intransitive verb : to give forth a grating sound
transitive verb
1 : to cause (as one’s teeth) to grind or grate
grit one’s `teeth (a) keep one’s jaws tight together 咬紧牙关. (b) (fig 比喻) summon up one’s courage and determination 鼓起勇气下定决心: When things get difficult, you just have to grit your teeth and persevere. 遇到困难只需咬紧牙关坚持下去.2 : to cover or spread with grit especially : to smooth (as marble) with a coarse abrasive
gritty adj (-ier, -iest) full of grit 多沙的; 刚强的: cheap gritty bread 牙碜的廉价面包 * a gritty fighter 坚强的战士. grittiness n [U].
groom
1groom 1 n. Pronunciation: 'grüm, 'gru̇m Function: noun Etymology: Middle English grom DatE: 14th century 1 archaic : MAN, FELLOW 2 a (1) archaic : MANSERVANT (2) : one of several officers of the English royal household b : a person responsible for the feeding, exercising, and stabling of horses 3 : BRIDEGROOM
2groom 2 n.
Function: transitive verb
DatE: 1809
1 : to clean and maintain the appearance of (as the coat of a horse or dog)
2 : to make neat or attractive an impeccably groomed woman
3 : to get into readiness for a specific objective : PREPARE was being groomed as a presidential candidate groomed for stardom by ambitious parents 由望子成龙的父母培养作演员 * He had been groomed for a career in the Civil Service/groomed as a future civil servant.intransitive verb : to groom oneself
groomed adj (usu preceded by an adv 通常用於副词之後) having the stated appearance of dress, hairstyle and general neatness 穿着打扮一贯整洁的; 乾净利落的: She is always perfectly groomed. 她总是浑身上下乾净利落.
groove
1groove 1 n.
Pronunciation: ‘grüv
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English grove pit, cave, from Middle Dutch groeve; akin to Old High German gruoba pit, cave, Old English grafan to dig ― more at GRAVE
DatE: 1659
1 : a long narrow channel or depression E: a groove for a sliding door 滑动门的槽. The needle has jumped several grooves. 唱针跳过了几道纹路.2 a : a fixed routine : RUT b : a situation suited to one’s abilities or interests : NICHE get into/be stuck in a groove become set in a particular way of life 养成某种生活习惯.3 : top form a great talker when he is in the groove
4 : the middle of the strike zone in baseball where a pitch is most easily hit a fastball right in the groove
5 : an enjoyable or exciting experience
6 : a pronounced enjoyable rhythm
2groove 2 n.
Function: verb
Inflected Form: grooved ; grooving
DatE: 1686
transitive verb
1 a : to make a groove in b : to join by a groove
2 : to perfect by repeated practice grooved her golf swing
3 : to throw (a pitch) in the groove
intransitive verb
1 : to become joined or fitted by a groove
2 : to form a groove
3 : to enjoy oneself intensely
4 : to interact harmoniously contemporary minds and rock groove together ― Benjamin DeMott
–groover noun
grooved adj having a groove or grooves 有沟的; 有槽的; 有纹的.groovy / `gruːvɪ; ˋɡruvɪ/ adj (dated sl 旧, 俚) attractive or excellent, esp because fashionable or modern 吸引人的, 绝妙的（尤指因流行或时髦）.
rut
rut 1
/ rʌt; rʌt/ n [C]
deep track made by a wheel or wheels in soft ground; furrow 车辙; ?沟: My bike bumped over the ruts. 我的自行车在凹凸不平的车辙道上颠颠簸簸.
(idm 习语) be (stuck) in a rut have a fixed and boring way of life 囿於刻板而乏味的生活方式. get into/out of a rut start/stop leading a routine existence 开始[不再]过刻板的生活: It’s time to get out of the 9 to 5 rut, ie of the normal working day. 应该摆脱开9点上班5点下班那种刻板的生活了.
> rut v (-tt-) [Tn esp passive 尤用於被动语态] mark (sth) with ruts 在（某物）上形成车辙; 使（某物）留下凹痕: The lane was rutted with tyre tracks. 这小巷有车胎轧出的凹痕. * a deeply rutted road 留有很深车辙的路. rut 2
/ rʌt; rʌt/ n (also the rut) [U] periodic sexual excitement of a male deer, goat, ram, etc （雄性的鹿﹑ 羊等的周期的）性冲动: stags fight during the rut 雄鹿之间在交配期的格斗.
> rut v (-tt-) [I] be affected by this （雄性的鹿﹑ 羊等周期地）性冲动: a rutting stag 准备交配的雄鹿.
grope
grope v.
Pronunciation: ‘grōp
Function: verb
Inflected Form: groped ; groping
Etymology: Middle English, from Old English grāpian; akin to Old English grīpan to seize
DatE: before 12th century
intransitive verb
1 : to feel about blindly or uncertainly in search grope for the light switch
2 : to look for something blindly or uncertainly grope for the right words
3 : to feel one’s way
grope (one’s way) across, along, past, etc (sth) make one’s way in the stated direction by feeling or searching 摸索着向某方向走: grope one`s way along a darkened corridor 在黑暗的走廊里摸索着走.transitive verb
1 : FEEL UP
2 : to find (as one’s way) by groping
–grope noun
–groper noun
gropingly adv in the manner of sb who gropes 摸索着; 探索着.
graze 1
/ greɪz; ɡrez/ v
intransitive verb
1 : to feed on growing herbage, attached algae, or phytoplankton E: cattle grazing in the fields 在田野里吃青草的牛.2 : to eat small portions of food throughout the day
transitive verb
1 a : to crop and eat in the field b : to feed on the herbage of E: graze sheep 牧羊.
2 a : to put to graze grazed the cows on the meadow b : to put cattle to graze on
3 : to supply herbage for the grazing of
–grazeable or grazable 'grā-zə-bəl\ adjective
–grazer noun
transitive verb
1 : to touch lightly in passing E: bullet grazed his cheek. 子弹擦伤了他的面颊. * a missile which flies so low that it almost grazes the tops of the hedgerows 低得几乎擦树篱而过的子弹 * The car’s tyres grazed (against) the kerb. 汽车轮胎蹭到路边石.
2 : ABRADE, SCRATCH grazed her knee when she fell graze one’s arm, leg, etc against/on a rock 岩石擦破胳膊﹑ 腿等的皮 * I fell and grazed my knee. 我跌倒了, 擦破了膝盖上的皮.intransitive verb : to touch or rub against something in passing
grease
1 a : rendered animal fat b : oily matter c : a thick lubricant
The grease from pork can be used for frying. 猪肉炼出的油可用来煎炸食物. axle-grease, ie used to lubricate axles 轴用润滑脂 * He smothers his hair with grease, eg hair-oil. 他用发腊擦头发. * [attrib 作定语] Grease marks or spots can be removed with liquid detergent. 油迹或油污可用洗涤液除去.2 : wool as it comes from the sheep retaining the natural oils or fats
–greaseless 'grēs-ləs\ adjective
–greaseproof 'grēs-‘prüf\ adjective
–in the grease
of wool or fur : in the natural uncleaned condition
vt.
1 : to smear or daub with grease
2 : to lubricate with grease
3 : to soil with grease
4 : to hasten the process or progress of also : FACILITATE
–grease the hand of or grease the palm of : BRIBE
grease-gun n device for forcing grease into the parts of an engine, a machine, etc 注油枪（将润滑油注入发动机等的部件之用具）.grease-paint n [U] coloured make-up used by actors （演员用的）化装油彩.,grease-proof paper paper that does not let grease pass through it, and is used esp for cooking or wrapping food in 耐油纸（尤指用於烹调食物或包裹食物的
grievous
/ ˈgriːvəs; ˋɡrivəs/ adj
adj.1 : causing or characterized by severe pain, suffering, or sorrow a grievous wound a grievous loss
2 : OPPRESSIVE, ONEROUS grievous costs of war
3 : SERIOUS, GRAVE grievous fault
–grievously adverb If you think that, you are grievously in error. 你要是那样想, 你可就大错特错了. –grievousness noun
onerous
1 : involving, imposing, or constituting a burden : TROUBLESOME an onerous task
2 : having legal obligations that outweigh the advantages an onerous contract
–onerously adverb
–onerousness noun
synonyms ONEROUS, BURDENSOME, OPPRESSIVE, EXACTING mean imposing hardship. ONEROUS stresses being laborious and heavy especially because distasteful the onerous task of cleaning up the mess. BURDENSOME suggests causing mental as well as physical strain burdensome responsibilities. OPPRESSIVE implies extreme harshness or severity in what is imposed the oppressive tyranny of a police state. EXACTING implies rigor or sternness rather than tyranny or injustice in the demands made or in the one demanding an exacting employer.
grimace
/ grɪˈmeɪs; US ˈgrɪməs; ˋɡrɪməs/ n
: a facial expression usually of disgust, disapproval, or pain E: make/give a grimace of pain 作出[露出]痛苦的怪相.grimace v [I, Ipr] ~ (at sb/sth) make grimaces 作怪相; 作鬼脸: She grimaced in/with distaste at the thought of it. 她一想到那个就厌恶得作怪相.
smirk, sneer, frown, scowl and grimace. 试比较smirk﹑ sneer﹑ frown﹑ scowl﹑ grimace这几个词. These verbs indicate people twisting their faces to express various, usually negative, attitudes. 这几个动词表达的是面部的各种表情, 通常都表示有不好的含义. People smirk when they smile in a silly way to show that they are pleased with themselves, usually at the expense of somebody else. *smirk指自鸣得意地傻笑, 通常含幸灾乐祸之意. When we sneer, we curl our upper lip to express a superior or contemptuous attitude to other people *sneer指翘起上唇嗤笑, 流露出高人一等的或轻蔑的神情: He’s always sneering at my suggestions. 他总是对我提出的建议嗤之以鼻. We frown by bringingour eyebrows together to indicate displeasure, puzzlementor concentration. *frown指皱眉头, 表示不悦﹑ 不解或精神集中. When scowling we twist the whole face to express anger, bad temper, etc scowl指怒容满面, 表示愤怒﹑ 发脾气等: He sits alone all day scowling at passers-by. 他整天独自坐着, 横眉怒目地瞪着来往的人. We also twist the whole face when we grimace.grimace也指整个面部抽动的表情. We usually grimace for a very short time as a reaction to pain or annoyance, or to cause laughter. *grimace通常为时短暂, 是痛苦或烦恼的反应, 或是为引人发笑.
grind
/ graɪnd; ɡraɪnd/ v (pt, pp ground / graund; ɡraʊnd/)
transitive verb
1 : to reduce to powder or small fragments by friction (as in a mill or with the teeth) The elephant grinds its food with/between its powerful molars. 象用其强有力的臼齿嚼碎食物. * grind coffee beans 磨咖啡豆 * grind corn (down/up) into flour 将谷磨成粉 * grind sth to dust, to (a fine) powder, etc 将某物磨成末﹑ （细）粉等.
2 : to wear down, polish, or sharpen by friction grind an ax grind a knife, lens, etc on a stone, etc 在石头等上磨刀﹑ 镜片等.
3 a : OPPRESS, HARASS b : to weaken or destroy gradually ― usually used with down poverty ground her spirit down people ground (down) by poverty, taxation, tyranny, etc 受贫困﹑ 苛税﹑ 暴政等折磨的人民 * tyrants who grind down the poor 压榨穷人的暴君.
4 a : to press together with a rotating motion grind the teeth b : to rub or press harshly ground the cigarette out He ground his teeth (together) in frustration. 他因失败而把牙咬得咯咯响. * dirt that had become ground into the surface 落在物体表面的尘土 * (fig 比喻) grind one’s heel into the fragments, ie crush them very hard 用脚跟把破片碾碎.5 : to operate or produce by turning a crank grind a hand organ
intransitive verb
1 : to perform the operation of grinding
2 : to become pulverized, polished, or sharpened by friction
3 : to move with difficulty or friction especially so as to make a grating noise gears grinding The old engine ground and shuddered. 那台陈旧的发动机抖动着发出摩擦的声音.4 : DRUDGE especially : to study hard grind for an exam
5 : to rotate the hips in an erotic manner
grind the faces of the poor (into the dust) (rhet 修辞) deliberately cause poor people to suffer more than necessary, taking pleasure in doing so 以压迫穷人为乐. grind to a halt/standstill (a) (of a vehicle) stop slowly and noisily （指车辆）伴有噪音缓缓停住. (b) (fig 比喻) (of a process) gradually stop （指过程）逐渐停止: The strike brought industry grinding to a halt. 由於罢工生产逐渐停顿下来. have an axe to grind have private reasons for being involved in sth 有私心; 有个人打算; 另有企图: She's only doing it out of kindness she's got no particular axe to grind. 她只是出於好心--倒不是别有用心
grind on continue for a long time boringly and monotonously 烦人﹑ 乏味地继续下去: The speaker ground on, oblivious of his listeners' boredom. 演说者唠唠叨叨, 没注意到听众的厌烦情绪. grind sth out (a) produce sth by turning a handle （经转动摇柄）产生某物: grind out music from a barrel-organ 摇动筒风琴奏出音乐. (b) (derog 贬) play (music) heavily, tediously or monotonously 沉闷地﹑ 单调地或乏味地演奏（乐曲）: The jukebox ground out an incessant stream of pop music. 自动电唱机没完没了地放送流行乐曲. (c) (derog 贬) produce (books, stories, etc) with sustained but uninspired effort 无灵感却费力硬写（书﹑ 小说等）: He has been grinding out cheap romantic stories at the rate of one a week. 他一直以每周一篇的速度生拼硬凑廉价的浪漫小说. –grindingly \'grīn-diŋ-lē\ adverb
n.1 a : an act of grinding b : the sound of grinding
2 a : dreary, monotonous, or difficult labor, study, or routine E: long uphill grind in a cyclerace 自行车比赛中的一大段上坡路 * Marking examination papers is a real grind. 批改试卷的确是个苦事.
b : one who works or studies excessively
3 : the result of grinding also : material ground to a particular degree of fineness *a drip grind of coffee*
4 : the act of rotating the hips in an erotic manner
synonyms see WORK
grinding adj 1 making a harsh noise (as if) from friction 发出（似）摩擦声的; 刺耳的: The car screeched to a halt with grinding brakes. 汽车停住时发出刺耳的刹车声. 2 (idm 习语) bring sth/come to a grinding halt (infml 口) (cause sth to) stop completely （使某物）停住, 停稳. grinding poverty (rhet 修辞) extreme poverty that causes suffering 贫苦不堪.# grindstone / graɪndstəun; ˋɡraɪnd,ston/ n
1 stone shaped like a wheel, turned on an axle, against which one holds knives or other tools to sharpen them 砂轮.
2 (idm 习语) keep one’s/sb’s nose to the `grindstone (infml 口) keep oneself/sb working hard 使自己[某人]努力工作.
gripe 1
/ graɪp; ɡraɪp/ v
transitive verb
1 archaic : SEIZE, GRASP
2 a : AFFLICT, DISTRESS b : IRRITATE, VEX
3 : to cause pinching and spasmodic pain in the bowels of
a griping pain in the stomach 胃痉挛 * medicine to take when your stomach gripes 胃疼时服用的药.intransitive verb
1 : to experience gripes
2 : to complain with grumbling E: He keeps griping about having no money. 他不断地抱怨自己没钱. –griper noun
n.1 archaic : CLUTCH, GRASP broadly : CONTROL, MASTERY
2 : a pinching spasmodic intestinal pain ― usually used in plural
3 : GRIEVANCE, COMPLAINT Bring all your gripes to the boss. 你跟老板发牢骚去. He likes to have a good gripe from time to time. 他时常爱发上一通牢骚.
grisly
/ ˈgrɪzlɪ; ˋɡrɪzlɪ/ adj
1 : inspiring horror or intense fear houses that were dark and grisly under the blank, cold sky ― D. H. Lawrence
2 : inspiring disgust or distaste a grisly account of the fire
synonyms see GHASTLY
–grisliness noun
GHASTLY, GRISLY, GRUESOME, MACABRE, LURID mean horrifying and repellent in appearance or aspect. GHASTLY suggests the terrifying aspects of corpses and ghosts a ghastly accident. GRISLY and GRUESOME suggest additionally the results of extreme violence or cruelty an unusually grisly murder suffered a gruesome death. MACABRE implies a morbid preoccupation with the physical aspects of death a macabre tale of premature burial. LURID adds to GRUESOME the suggestion of shuddering fascination with violent death and especially with murder the lurid details of a crime.
lurid
1 a : causing horror or revulsion : GRUESOME b : MELODRAMATIC, SENSATIONAL also : SHOCKING paperbacks in the usual lurid covers ― T. R. Fyvel
2 a : wan and ghastly pale in appearance b : of any of several light or medium grayish colors ranging in hue from yellow to orange
3 : shining with the red glow of fire seen through smoke or cloud E: a lurid sky, sunset 火红的天空﹑ 夕照 * the lurid glow of the blazing warehouse 燃烧的仓库上耀眼的火光.synonyms see GHASTLY
–luridly adverb
–luridness noun
grit
1grit 1 n.
Pronunciation: ‘grit
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English grete, from Old English grēot; akin to Old High German grioz sand
DatE: before 12th century
1 [U]a : SAND, GRAVEL b : a hard sharp granule (as of sand) also : material (as many abrasives) composed of such granules spread grit on icy roads 往结冰的路上撒沙子 * I’ve got some grit/a piece of grit in my shoe. 我的鞋里进了沙子.2 : any of several sandstones
3 a : the structure of a stone that adapts it to grinding b : the size of abrasive particles usually expressed as their mesh
4 : firmness of mind or spirit : unyielding courage in the face of hardship or danger E: Mountaineering in a blizzard needs a lot of grit. 在暴风雪中登山需要极大的勇气和毅力.5 capitalized : a Liberal in Canadian politics
2grit 2 n.
Function: verb
Inflected Form: gritted ; gritting
DatE: 1762
intransitive verb : to give forth a grating sound
transitive verb
1 : to cause (as one’s teeth) to grind or grate
grit one’s `teeth (a) keep one’s jaws tight together 咬紧牙关. (b) (fig 比喻) summon up one’s courage and determination 鼓起勇气下定决心: When things get difficult, you just have to grit your teeth and persevere. 遇到困难只需咬紧牙关坚持下去.2 : to cover or spread with grit especially : to smooth (as marble) with a coarse abrasive
gritty adj (-ier, -iest) full of grit 多沙的; 刚强的: cheap gritty bread 牙碜的廉价面包 * a gritty fighter 坚强的战士. grittiness n [U].
groom
1groom 1 n. Pronunciation: 'grüm, 'gru̇m Function: noun Etymology: Middle English grom DatE: 14th century 1 archaic : MAN, FELLOW 2 a (1) archaic : MANSERVANT (2) : one of several officers of the English royal household b : a person responsible for the feeding, exercising, and stabling of horses 3 : BRIDEGROOM
2groom 2 n.
Function: transitive verb
DatE: 1809
1 : to clean and maintain the appearance of (as the coat of a horse or dog)
2 : to make neat or attractive an impeccably groomed woman
3 : to get into readiness for a specific objective : PREPARE was being groomed as a presidential candidate groomed for stardom by ambitious parents 由望子成龙的父母培养作演员 * He had been groomed for a career in the Civil Service/groomed as a future civil servant.intransitive verb : to groom oneself
groomed adj (usu preceded by an adv 通常用於副词之後) having the stated appearance of dress, hairstyle and general neatness 穿着打扮一贯整洁的; 乾净利落的: She is always perfectly groomed. 她总是浑身上下乾净利落.
groove
1groove 1 n.
Pronunciation: ‘grüv
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English grove pit, cave, from Middle Dutch groeve; akin to Old High German gruoba pit, cave, Old English grafan to dig ― more at GRAVE
DatE: 1659
1 : a long narrow channel or depression E: a groove for a sliding door 滑动门的槽. The needle has jumped several grooves. 唱针跳过了几道纹路.2 a : a fixed routine : RUT b : a situation suited to one’s abilities or interests : NICHE get into/be stuck in a groove become set in a particular way of life 养成某种生活习惯.3 : top form a great talker when he is in the groove
4 : the middle of the strike zone in baseball where a pitch is most easily hit a fastball right in the groove
5 : an enjoyable or exciting experience
6 : a pronounced enjoyable rhythm
2groove 2 n.
Function: verb
Inflected Form: grooved ; grooving
DatE: 1686
transitive verb
1 a : to make a groove in b : to join by a groove
2 : to perfect by repeated practice grooved her golf swing
3 : to throw (a pitch) in the groove
intransitive verb
1 : to become joined or fitted by a groove
2 : to form a groove
3 : to enjoy oneself intensely
4 : to interact harmoniously contemporary minds and rock groove together ― Benjamin DeMott
–groover noun
grooved adj having a groove or grooves 有沟的; 有槽的; 有纹的.groovy / `gruːvɪ; ˋɡruvɪ/ adj (dated sl 旧, 俚) attractive or excellent, esp because fashionable or modern 吸引人的, 绝妙的（尤指因流行或时髦）.
rut
rut 1
/ rʌt; rʌt/ n [C]
deep track made by a wheel or wheels in soft ground; furrow 车辙; ?沟: My bike bumped over the ruts. 我的自行车在凹凸不平的车辙道上颠颠簸簸.
(idm 习语) be (stuck) in a rut have a fixed and boring way of life 囿於刻板而乏味的生活方式. get into/out of a rut start/stop leading a routine existence 开始[不再]过刻板的生活: It’s time to get out of the 9 to 5 rut, ie of the normal working day. 应该摆脱开9点上班5点下班那种刻板的生活了.
> rut v (-tt-) [Tn esp passive 尤用於被动语态] mark (sth) with ruts 在（某物）上形成车辙; 使（某物）留下凹痕: The lane was rutted with tyre tracks. 这小巷有车胎轧出的凹痕. * a deeply rutted road 留有很深车辙的路. rut 2
/ rʌt; rʌt/ n (also the rut) [U] periodic sexual excitement of a male deer, goat, ram, etc （雄性的鹿﹑ 羊等的周期的）性冲动: stags fight during the rut 雄鹿之间在交配期的格斗.
> rut v (-tt-) [I] be affected by this （雄性的鹿﹑ 羊等周期地）性冲动: a rutting stag 准备交配的雄鹿.
grope
grope v.
Pronunciation: ‘grōp
Function: verb
Inflected Form: groped ; groping
Etymology: Middle English, from Old English grāpian; akin to Old English grīpan to seize
DatE: before 12th century
intransitive verb
1 : to feel about blindly or uncertainly in search grope for the light switch
2 : to look for something blindly or uncertainly grope for the right words
3 : to feel one’s way
grope (one’s way) across, along, past, etc (sth) make one’s way in the stated direction by feeling or searching 摸索着向某方向走: grope one`s way along a darkened corridor 在黑暗的走廊里摸索着走.transitive verb
1 : FEEL UP
2 : to find (as one’s way) by groping
–grope noun
–groper noun
gropingly adv in the manner of sb who gropes 摸索着; 探索着.
gross
gross 1
/ grəus; ɡros/ n (pl unchanged or ~es 复数或不变或作 grosses) (esp commerce 尤用於商业) twelve dozen; 一罗（12打; 144个）: two gross of best apples 两罗优等苹果 * sell sth by the gross/in grosses 按罗出售某物. =>App 4 见附录4. gross 2
/ grəus; ɡros/ adj (-er, -est)
repulsively fat 过於肥胖的; 太胖的: a gross person 过胖的人 * He’s not just fat. He’s positively gross! 他不只是胖. 他是过於肥胖!
(fml 文) not refined; vulgar; coarse 不雅的; 粗俗的; 粗野的: gross behaviour, language, manners 粗鲁的行为﹑ 语言﹑ 举止 * indulging in the grosser pleasures 迷恋低级庸俗的娱乐.
[usu attrib 通常作定语] (esp law fml 尤用於法律, 文) glaringly obvious; flagrant 显而易见的; 显然恶劣的: gross negligence, indecency, vice, etc 显然的疏忽﹑ 下流﹑ 不道德等 * a gross error, injustice, etc 明显的错误﹑ 不公等.
[attrib 作定语] total; whole 全部的; 整个的; 总的; 毛的: gross weight, profit, etc 毛重﹑ 毛利等 * sb’s gross income, ie before deduction of tax, etc 某人的总收入（未扣除税等的）. Cf 参看 net2 1.
(idm 习语) in (the) gross in a general or large-scale way rather than in detail 一般地; 大体上; 不详细地.
> gross v [Tn, Tn.p] ~ sth (up) make sth as a total amount 总共赚得: Her last film grossed (ie earned) a million pounds. 她拍最後一部影片总共赚了一百万英镑. * work out the grossed-up interest on a loan 计算出贷款的总利息.
grossly adv (of sth bad) extremely （指坏事）极度地, 十分地, 非常: grossly fat, extravagant, unfair, exaggerated 极胖的﹑ 奢侈的﹑ 不公平的﹑ 夸张的.
grossness n [U] coarseness; vulgarity 粗野; 粗俗.
# ,gross ,national `product (abbr 缩写 GNP) annual total value of goods produced, and services provided, in a country 国民生产总值.
grotto
/ ˈgrɔtəu; ˋɡrɑto/ n (pl ~-es or ~-s)
1 : CAVE
2 : an artificial recess or structure made to resemble a natural cave
grouch
/ grautʃ; ɡraʊtʃ/
grouch
/ grautʃ; ɡraʊtʃ/ v [I, Ipr] ~ (about sth) (derog 贬) complain 发牢骚; 抱怨: Stop grouching about everything! 别再事事都抱怨了!
> grouch n
(a) [sing] ~ (about sth) (derog 贬) fit of bad-tempered complaining 大发牢骚: He’s always having a grouch about something. 他总是发脾气抱怨这个抱怨那个. (b) [C] ~ (against sth/sb) complaint 牢骚; 抱怨: One of my main grouches against the council is that they don’t run enough buses. 我对市议会不满, 主要是投入营运的公共汽车不够用.
[C] (derog 贬) sulky discontented person 爱发牢骚的人: You’re nothing but an old grouch! 你就是个爱发牢骚的老家伙! grouchy adj (-ier, -iest) sullenly discontented 愠怒的; 不满的: in a grouchy mood 怀着不满情绪.
grove
/ grəuv; ɡrov/
1 : a small wood without underbrush a picnic grove
2 : a planting of fruit or nut trees
grovel
/ ˈgrɔvl; ˋɡrɑvl/ v (-ll-; US -l-) (derog 贬)
1 : to creep with the face to the ground : CRAWL E: grovel about/around move about on one’s hands and knees; crawl about 四处爬行; 爬来爬去: grovelling around under the table looking for a pin 在桌子下爬来爬去寻找一根针.
2 a : to lie or creep with the body prostrate in token of subservience or abasement b : to abase oneself E: Those who wished a favour of the emperor had to grovel on hands and knees before him. 凡希望受到皇帝恩宠的人都要拜倒在他面前. You will just have to grovel to the bank manager for a loan. 你只得低声下气地向银行经理借贷.
3 : to give oneself over to what is base or unworthy : WALLOW groveling in self-pity
–groveler -vəl-ər\ noun
–grovelingly -vəl-iŋ-lē\ adverb
grovelling / `grɔvəlɪŋ; ˋɡrɑvlɪŋ/ adj excessively humble; abject 可鄙的: a grovelling apology 低声下气的道歉.
grumble
/ ˈgrʌmbl; ˋɡrʌmbl/
intransitive verb
1 : to mutter in discontent E: Stop grumbling! You’ve got nothing to complain about. 别抱怨了! 你没什麽可抱怨的. * Why grumble at me about your own stupid mistakes? 你自己犯了愚蠢的错误, 为什麽向我抱怨? * grumble at one’s low pay/at being badly paid 抱怨待遇低[差].2 : GROWL, RUMBLE E: thunder grumbling (away) in the distance 远方隆隆的雷声 * the sound of one’s stomach grumbling 肚子咕咕的叫声 * (fig 比喻) a grumbling (ie intermittently painful) appendix 间歇性疼痛的阑尾.transitive verb : to express with grumbling
grumble n
1 complaint 怨言; 牢骚: a person full of grumbles 牢骚满腹的人 * I don’t want to hear another grumble from you. 我不愿再听到你的怨言了.
2 rumble 隆隆声; 辘辘声: a distant grumble of thunder 远方雷声隆隆.grumbler / grʌmblə(r); ˋɡrʌmblɚ/ n person who grumbles 埋怨者; 发牢骚的人: Hes a dreadful grumbler. 他是特别爱发牢骚的人.
gruel
/ ˈgruːəl; ˋɡruəl/
1 :[U] a thin porridge
2 [from to get one’s gruel to accept punishment] chiefly British : PUNISHMENT
3 : something that lacks substance or significance the argument was thin gruel
guffaw
/ gəˈfɔː; ɡəˋfɔ/
: a loud or boisterous burst of laughter
–guffaw (,)gə-‘fȯ\ intransitive verb
guillotine
/ ˈgɪlətiːn; ˋɡɪləˏtin/ n
1 : a machine for beheading by means of a heavy blade that slides down in vertical guides
2 : a shearing machine or instrument (as a paper cutter) that in action resembles a guillotine
3 chiefly British : closure by the imposition of a predetermined time limit on the consideration of specific sections of a bill or portions of other legislative business
–guillotine transitive verb
pillory
/ ˈpɪlərɪ; ˋpɪlərɪ/
n wooden framework with holes for the head and hands, into which wrongdoers were locked in former times, so that they could be publicly ridiculed 枷. =>illus 见插图.
> pillory v (pt, pp -ried / -lərɪd; -lərɪd/) [Tn] attack or ridicule (sb) in public 公开攻击或嘲笑（某人）: She was pilloried in the press for her extravagant parties. 她的聚会十分铺张, 新闻界对她大加揶揄.
gulp
transitive verb
1 : to swallow hurriedly or greedily or in one swallow
2 : to keep back as if by swallowing gulp down a sob
3 : to take in readily as if by swallowing gulp down knowledge
intransitive verb : to catch the breath as if in taking a long drink
gulp n
1 act of gulping 吞咽: swallow/sob with loud gulps 大声吞咽[抽泣].
2 mouthful, esp of sth liquid 一大口（尤指液体）: a gulp of cold milk 一大口冷牛奶.
3 (idm 习语) at a `gulp with one gulp 一口气吞下: empty a glass at a gulp 一口气喝完一杯.
guru
/ ˈguruː; US gəˈruː; ɡəˋru/ n
1 : a personal religious teacher and spiritual guide in Hinduism
2 a : a teacher and especially intellectual guide in matters of fundamental concern b : one who is an acknowledged leader or chief proponent c : a person with knowledge or expertise : EXPERT
gush
/ gʌʃ; ɡʌʃ/ v
intransitive verb
1 : to issue copiously or violently E: gushing water 涌出的水 * oil gushing out (from a well) （从井中）涌出的石油 * blood gushing from a wound 自伤口涌出的血.
2 : to emit a sudden copious flow
3 : to make an effusive display of affection or enthusiasm an aunt gushing over the baby
transitive verb
1 : to emit in a copious free flow
2 : to say or write effusively
–gushingly 'gə-shiŋ-lē\ adverb
n.1 a : a sudden outpouring b : something emitted in a gushing forth
2 : an effusive display or outpouring
a gush of oil, anger, enthusiasm 石油的涌出﹑ 怒火的迸发﹑ 热情的奔放.
gusher n oil-well with a strong natural flow (so that pumping is not needed) 喷油井（自动流出的油井）.gushing adj: gushing compliments 滔滔不绝的赞扬话. gushingly adv.
whiff
/ wɪf; US hwɪf; hwɪf/
n.1 a : a quick puff or slight gust especially of air, odor, gas, smoke, or spray E: catch a whiff of perfume, of cigar smoke 闻到一股香水味﹑ 雪茄烟味 * have a whiff of fresh air 吸一点儿新鲜空气 There is an awful whiff coming from the dustbin. 垃圾箱里冒出很臭的味
*b : an inhalation of odor, gas, or smoke E: a whiff of anaesthetic 吸入一点麻醉剂 * He took a few whiffs, ie of a cigar, pipe, etc. 他吸了几口（雪茄﹑ 烟斗等）. c : a slight puffing or whistling sound
2 : a slight trace or indication a whiff of scandal whiff (ie a trace or hint) of danger, scandal, suspicion 有点危险﹑ 丑事﹑ 怀疑.3 : STRIKEOUT
v.1 : to move with or as if with a puff of air
puffs of smoke whiffing from the chimney.2 : to emit whiffs : PUFF
3 : to inhale an odor
4 : STRIKE OUT 3
transitive verb
1 a : to carry or convey by or as if by a whiff : BLOW b : to expel or puff out in a whiff : EXHALEdog whiffing the air. c : SMOKE 3
2 : FAN 8 whiffed three batters
gustation
: the act or sensation of tasting
gust
/ gʌst; ɡʌst/
gust
/ gʌst; ɡʌst/ n (a) sudden violent rush of wind （突然的）一阵狂风: the wind blowing in gusts 刮起阵阵的狂风 * fitful gusts of wind 阵阵的狂风. (b) (fig 比喻) outburst of feeling 感情的迸发: a gust of temper 大发脾气.
> gust v [I] (of the wind) blow in gusts （指风）劲吹, 猛刮: winds gusting up to 60 mph 风速达每小时60英里的狂风.
gusty adj (-ier, -iest) with wind blowing in gusts 有阵阵狂风的: a gusty day, wind 刮阵阵狂风的一天﹑ 阵阵强劲的风.
gyrate
/ ˏdʒaɪˈreɪt; US ˈdʒaɪreɪt; ˋdʒaɪret/ v
1gyrate 1 v. Pronunciation: 'jī-,rāt Function: adjective DatE: 1830 \: winding or coiled around : CONVOLUTED *gyrate branches of a tree*
2gyrate 2 v.
Function: intransitive verb
Inflected Form: gyrated ; gyrating
DatE: 1830
1 : to revolve around a point or axis E: The dancers gyrated wildly to the beat of the music.
2 : to oscillate with or as if with a circular or spiral motion
Stock and bond markets have gyrated in recent weeks –gyrator -,rā-tər\ noun
–gyratory 'jī-rə-,tȯr-ē\ adjective
gyration noun [C, usually pl., U]: The butterflies were performing aerial gyrations. ◆ the gyration of the earth on its axis
hackneyed
/ ˈhæknɪd; ˋhæknɪd/ adj
: lacking in freshness or originality hackneyed slogans
synonyms see TRITE
TRITE, HACKNEYED, STEREOTYPED, THREADBARE mean lacking the freshness that evokes attention or interest. TRITE applies to a once effective phrase or idea spoiled from long familiarity “you win some, you lose some” is a trite expression. HACKNEYED stresses being worn out by overuse so as to become dull and meaningless all of the metaphors and images in the poem are hackneyed. STEREOTYPED implies falling invariably into the same pattern or form views of minorities that are stereotyped and out-of-date. THREADBARE applies to what has been used until its possibilities of interest have been totally exhausted a mystery novel with a threadbare plot.
hail
1hail 1 n.
Pronunciation: ‘hāl
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English, from Old English hægl; akin to Old High German hagal hail
DatE: before 12th century
1 : precipitation in the form of small balls or lumps usually consisting of concentric layers of clear ice and compact snow
2 : something that gives the effect of a shower of hail a hail of rifle fire a hail of bullets, blows, curses 一阵弹雨﹑ 乱打﹑ 乱骂.
2hail 2 n.
Function: intransitive verb
DatE: before 12th century
1 : to precipitate hail it was hailing hard
2 : to pour down or strike like hail
Stones hailed down on them. 石头像雹子一样落在他们身上. * They hailed curses down on us. 他们大骂了我们一通.
3hail 3 n.
Function: interjection
Etymology: Middle English, from Old Norse heill, from heill healthy ― more at WHOLE
DatE: 13th century
1 archaic ― used as a salutation
2 ― used to express acclamation hail to the chief ― Sir Walter Scott
4hail 4 n.
Function: transitive verb
DatE: 13th century
1 a : SALUTE, GREET b : to greet with enthusiastic approval : ACCLAIM crowds hailing him as king, as a hero 拥他为王﹑ 赞他为英雄的群众 * (fig 比喻) The book was hailed as a masterpiece/as masterly. 这本书被誉为杰作.
2 : to greet or summon by calling hail a taxi
intransitive verb : to call out especially : to call a greeting to a passing ship
~ from… originate from (a place) 来自（某地）: She hails (ie comes) from India. 她来自印度. * Where does the ship hail from? ie Which is her home port? 这条船是从哪里开出来的（船籍港是何处）? –hailer \hā-lər\ noun
–hail from : to be or have been native to or a resident of
5hail 5 n.
Function: noun
DatE: 1500
1 : an exclamation of greeting or acclamation
2 : a calling to attract attention
3 : hearing distance stayed within hail
halcyon
/ ˈhælsɪən; ˋhælsɪən/
1halcyon 1 n.
Pronunciation: ‘hal-sē-ən
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English alceon, from Latin halcyon, from Greek alkyōn, halkyōn
DatE: 14th century
1 : a bird identified with the kingfisher and held in ancient legend to nest at sea about the time of the winter solstice and to calm the waves during incubation
2 : KINGFISHER
2halcyon 2 n.
Function: adjective
DatE: 1601
1 : of or relating to the halcyon or its nesting period
2 a : CALM, PEACEFUL b : HAPPY, GOLDEN c : PROSPEROUS, AFFLUENT
the halcyon days of youth 青春的好年华
hale
1hale 1 adj.
Pronunciation: ‘hāəl
Function: adjective
Etymology: partly from Middle English (northern) hale, from Old English hāl; partly from Middle English hail, from Old Norse heill ― more at WHOLE
DatE: before 12th century
: free from defect, disease, or infirmity : SOUND also : retaining exceptional health and vigor a hale and hearty old man
synonyms see HEALTHY
2hale 2 adj.
Function: transitive verb
Inflected Form: haled ; haling
Etymology: Middle English halen, from Anglo-French haler, aler ― more at HAUL
DatE: 13th century
1 : HAUL, PULL
2 : to compel to go
hallmark
/ ˈhɔːlmɑːk; ˋhɔlˏmɑrk/
1hallmark 1 n.
Pronunciation: ‘hȯl-,märk
Function: noun
Etymology: Goldsmiths’ Hall, London, England, where gold and silver articles were assayed and stamped
DatE: 1721
1 a : an official mark stamped on gold and silver articles in England to attest their purity b : a mark or device placed or stamped on an article of trade to indicate origin, purity, or genuineness
2 : a distinguishing characteristic, trait, or feature the dramatic flourishes which are the hallmark of the trial lawyer ― Marion K. SandersAttention to detail is the hallmark of a fine craftsman. 能工巧匠的特点是一丝不苟.
2hallmark 2 n.
Function: transitive verb
DatE: 1773
: to stamp with a hallmark
hallow
/ ˈhæləu; ˋhælo/
hallow v.
Pronunciation: ‘ha-(,)lō
Function: transitive verb
Etymology: Middle English halowen, from Old English hālgian, from hālig holy ― more at HOLY
DatE: before 12th century
1 : to make holy or set apart for holy use
2 : to respect greatly : VENERATE
ground hallowed by sacred memories 因在宗教上有纪念意义而视为神圣的土地.
hallucinate
/ həˈluːsɪneɪt; həˋlusnˏet/
transitive verb
1 : to affect with visions or imaginary perceptions
2 : to perceive or experience as a hallucination
intransitive verb : to have hallucinations
–hallucinator -,nā-tər\ noun
halo
/ ˈheɪləu; ˋhelo/ n (~es or ~s) (also aureola, aureole)
(in paintings, etc) circle of light shown round or above the head of a sacred figure （绘画等作品中）（环绕圣像头上的）光轮, 光环.
= corona.
gush
/ gʌʃ; ɡʌʃ/ v
intransitive verb
1 : to issue copiously or violently E: gushing water 涌出的水 * oil gushing out (from a well) （从井中）涌出的石油 * blood gushing from a wound 自伤口涌出的血.
2 : to emit a sudden copious flow
3 : to make an effusive display of affection or enthusiasm an aunt gushing over the baby
transitive verb
1 : to emit in a copious free flow
2 : to say or write effusively
–gushingly 'gə-shiŋ-lē\ adverb
n.1 a : a sudden outpouring b : something emitted in a gushing forth
2 : an effusive display or outpouring
a gush of oil, anger, enthusiasm 石油的涌出﹑ 怒火的迸发﹑ 热情的奔放.
gusher n oil-well with a strong natural flow (so that pumping is not needed) 喷油井（自动流出的油井）.gushing adj: gushing compliments 滔滔不绝的赞扬话. gushingly adv.
whiff
/ wɪf; US hwɪf; hwɪf/
n.1 a : a quick puff or slight gust especially of air, odor, gas, smoke, or spray E: catch a whiff of perfume, of cigar smoke 闻到一股香水味﹑ 雪茄烟味 * have a whiff of fresh air 吸一点儿新鲜空气 There is an awful whiff coming from the dustbin. 垃圾箱里冒出很臭的味
*b : an inhalation of odor, gas, or smoke E: a whiff of anaesthetic 吸入一点麻醉剂 * He took a few whiffs, ie of a cigar, pipe, etc. 他吸了几口（雪茄﹑ 烟斗等）. c : a slight puffing or whistling sound
2 : a slight trace or indication a whiff of scandal whiff (ie a trace or hint) of danger, scandal, suspicion 有点危险﹑ 丑事﹑ 怀疑.3 : STRIKEOUT
v.1 : to move with or as if with a puff of air
puffs of smoke whiffing from the chimney.2 : to emit whiffs : PUFF
3 : to inhale an odor
4 : STRIKE OUT 3
transitive verb
1 a : to carry or convey by or as if by a whiff : BLOW b : to expel or puff out in a whiff : EXHALEdog whiffing the air. c : SMOKE 3
2 : FAN 8 whiffed three batters
gustation
: the act or sensation of tasting
gust
/ gʌst; ɡʌst/
gust
/ gʌst; ɡʌst/ n (a) sudden violent rush of wind （突然的）一阵狂风: the wind blowing in gusts 刮起阵阵的狂风 * fitful gusts of wind 阵阵的狂风. (b) (fig 比喻) outburst of feeling 感情的迸发: a gust of temper 大发脾气.
> gust v [I] (of the wind) blow in gusts （指风）劲吹, 猛刮: winds gusting up to 60 mph 风速达每小时60英里的狂风.
gusty adj (-ier, -iest) with wind blowing in gusts 有阵阵狂风的: a gusty day, wind 刮阵阵狂风的一天﹑ 阵阵强劲的风.
gyrate
/ ˏdʒaɪˈreɪt; US ˈdʒaɪreɪt; ˋdʒaɪret/ v
1gyrate 1 v. Pronunciation: 'jī-,rāt Function: adjective DatE: 1830 \: winding or coiled around : CONVOLUTED *gyrate branches of a tree*
2gyrate 2 v.
Function: intransitive verb
Inflected Form: gyrated ; gyrating
DatE: 1830
1 : to revolve around a point or axis E: The dancers gyrated wildly to the beat of the music.
2 : to oscillate with or as if with a circular or spiral motion
Stock and bond markets have gyrated in recent weeks –gyrator -,rā-tər\ noun
–gyratory 'jī-rə-,tȯr-ē\ adjective
gyration noun [C, usually pl., U]: The butterflies were performing aerial gyrations. ◆ the gyration of the earth on its axis
hackneyed
/ ˈhæknɪd; ˋhæknɪd/ adj
: lacking in freshness or originality hackneyed slogans
synonyms see TRITE
TRITE, HACKNEYED, STEREOTYPED, THREADBARE mean lacking the freshness that evokes attention or interest. TRITE applies to a once effective phrase or idea spoiled from long familiarity “you win some, you lose some” is a trite expression. HACKNEYED stresses being worn out by overuse so as to become dull and meaningless all of the metaphors and images in the poem are hackneyed. STEREOTYPED implies falling invariably into the same pattern or form views of minorities that are stereotyped and out-of-date. THREADBARE applies to what has been used until its possibilities of interest have been totally exhausted a mystery novel with a threadbare plot.
hail
1hail 1 n.
Pronunciation: ‘hāl
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English, from Old English hægl; akin to Old High German hagal hail
DatE: before 12th century
1 : precipitation in the form of small balls or lumps usually consisting of concentric layers of clear ice and compact snow
2 : something that gives the effect of a shower of hail a hail of rifle fire a hail of bullets, blows, curses 一阵弹雨﹑ 乱打﹑ 乱骂.
2hail 2 n.
Function: intransitive verb
DatE: before 12th century
1 : to precipitate hail it was hailing hard
2 : to pour down or strike like hail
Stones hailed down on them. 石头像雹子一样落在他们身上. * They hailed curses down on us. 他们大骂了我们一通.
3hail 3 n.
Function: interjection
Etymology: Middle English, from Old Norse heill, from heill healthy ― more at WHOLE
DatE: 13th century
1 archaic ― used as a salutation
2 ― used to express acclamation hail to the chief ― Sir Walter Scott
4hail 4 n.
Function: transitive verb
DatE: 13th century
1 a : SALUTE, GREET b : to greet with enthusiastic approval : ACCLAIM crowds hailing him as king, as a hero 拥他为王﹑ 赞他为英雄的群众 * (fig 比喻) The book was hailed as a masterpiece/as masterly. 这本书被誉为杰作.
2 : to greet or summon by calling hail a taxi
intransitive verb : to call out especially : to call a greeting to a passing ship
~ from… originate from (a place) 来自（某地）: She hails (ie comes) from India. 她来自印度. * Where does the ship hail from? ie Which is her home port? 这条船是从哪里开出来的（船籍港是何处）? –hailer \hā-lər\ noun
–hail from : to be or have been native to or a resident of
5hail 5 n.
Function: noun
DatE: 1500
1 : an exclamation of greeting or acclamation
2 : a calling to attract attention
3 : hearing distance stayed within hail
halcyon
/ ˈhælsɪən; ˋhælsɪən/
1halcyon 1 n.
Pronunciation: ‘hal-sē-ən
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English alceon, from Latin halcyon, from Greek alkyōn, halkyōn
DatE: 14th century
1 : a bird identified with the kingfisher and held in ancient legend to nest at sea about the time of the winter solstice and to calm the waves during incubation
2 : KINGFISHER
2halcyon 2 n.
Function: adjective
DatE: 1601
1 : of or relating to the halcyon or its nesting period
2 a : CALM, PEACEFUL b : HAPPY, GOLDEN c : PROSPEROUS, AFFLUENT
the halcyon days of youth 青春的好年华
gross
gross 1
/ grəus; ɡros/ n (pl unchanged or ~es 复数或不变或作 grosses) (esp commerce 尤用於商业) twelve dozen; 一罗（12打; 144个）: two gross of best apples 两罗优等苹果 * sell sth by the gross/in grosses 按罗出售某物. =>App 4 见附录4. gross 2
/ grəus; ɡros/ adj (-er, -est)
repulsively fat 过於肥胖的; 太胖的: a gross person 过胖的人 * He’s not just fat. He’s positively gross! 他不只是胖. 他是过於肥胖!
(fml 文) not refined; vulgar; coarse 不雅的; 粗俗的; 粗野的: gross behaviour, language, manners 粗鲁的行为﹑ 语言﹑ 举止 * indulging in the grosser pleasures 迷恋低级庸俗的娱乐.
[usu attrib 通常作定语] (esp law fml 尤用於法律, 文) glaringly obvious; flagrant 显而易见的; 显然恶劣的: gross negligence, indecency, vice, etc 显然的疏忽﹑ 下流﹑ 不道德等 * a gross error, injustice, etc 明显的错误﹑ 不公等.
[attrib 作定语] total; whole 全部的; 整个的; 总的; 毛的: gross weight, profit, etc 毛重﹑ 毛利等 * sb’s gross income, ie before deduction of tax, etc 某人的总收入（未扣除税等的）. Cf 参看 net2 1.
(idm 习语) in (the) gross in a general or large-scale way rather than in detail 一般地; 大体上; 不详细地.
> gross v [Tn, Tn.p] ~ sth (up) make sth as a total amount 总共赚得: Her last film grossed (ie earned) a million pounds. 她拍最後一部影片总共赚了一百万英镑. * work out the grossed-up interest on a loan 计算出贷款的总利息.
grossly adv (of sth bad) extremely （指坏事）极度地, 十分地, 非常: grossly fat, extravagant, unfair, exaggerated 极胖的﹑ 奢侈的﹑ 不公平的﹑ 夸张的.
grossness n [U] coarseness; vulgarity 粗野; 粗俗.
# ,gross ,national `product (abbr 缩写 GNP) annual total value of goods produced, and services provided, in a country 国民生产总值.
grotto
/ ˈgrɔtəu; ˋɡrɑto/ n (pl ~-es or ~-s)
1 : CAVE
2 : an artificial recess or structure made to resemble a natural cave
grouch
/ grautʃ; ɡraʊtʃ/
grouch
/ grautʃ; ɡraʊtʃ/ v [I, Ipr] ~ (about sth) (derog 贬) complain 发牢骚; 抱怨: Stop grouching about everything! 别再事事都抱怨了!
> grouch n
(a) [sing] ~ (about sth) (derog 贬) fit of bad-tempered complaining 大发牢骚: He’s always having a grouch about something. 他总是发脾气抱怨这个抱怨那个. (b) [C] ~ (against sth/sb) complaint 牢骚; 抱怨: One of my main grouches against the council is that they don’t run enough buses. 我对市议会不满, 主要是投入营运的公共汽车不够用.
[C] (derog 贬) sulky discontented person 爱发牢骚的人: You’re nothing but an old grouch! 你就是个爱发牢骚的老家伙! grouchy adj (-ier, -iest) sullenly discontented 愠怒的; 不满的: in a grouchy mood 怀着不满情绪.
grove
/ grəuv; ɡrov/
1 : a small wood without underbrush a picnic grove
2 : a planting of fruit or nut trees
grovel
/ ˈgrɔvl; ˋɡrɑvl/ v (-ll-; US -l-) (derog 贬)
1 : to creep with the face to the ground : CRAWL E: grovel about/around move about on one’s hands and knees; crawl about 四处爬行; 爬来爬去: grovelling around under the table looking for a pin 在桌子下爬来爬去寻找一根针.
2 a : to lie or creep with the body prostrate in token of subservience or abasement b : to abase oneself E: Those who wished a favour of the emperor had to grovel on hands and knees before him. 凡希望受到皇帝恩宠的人都要拜倒在他面前. You will just have to grovel to the bank manager for a loan. 你只得低声下气地向银行经理借贷.
3 : to give oneself over to what is base or unworthy : WALLOW groveling in self-pity
–groveler -vəl-ər\ noun
–grovelingly -vəl-iŋ-lē\ adverb
grovelling / `grɔvəlɪŋ; ˋɡrɑvlɪŋ/ adj excessively humble; abject 可鄙的: a grovelling apology 低声下气的道歉.
grumble
/ ˈgrʌmbl; ˋɡrʌmbl/
intransitive verb
1 : to mutter in discontent E: Stop grumbling! You’ve got nothing to complain about. 别抱怨了! 你没什麽可抱怨的. * Why grumble at me about your own stupid mistakes? 你自己犯了愚蠢的错误, 为什麽向我抱怨? * grumble at one’s low pay/at being badly paid 抱怨待遇低[差].2 : GROWL, RUMBLE E: thunder grumbling (away) in the distance 远方隆隆的雷声 * the sound of one’s stomach grumbling 肚子咕咕的叫声 * (fig 比喻) a grumbling (ie intermittently painful) appendix 间歇性疼痛的阑尾.transitive verb : to express with grumbling
grumble n
1 complaint 怨言; 牢骚: a person full of grumbles 牢骚满腹的人 * I don’t want to hear another grumble from you. 我不愿再听到你的怨言了.
2 rumble 隆隆声; 辘辘声: a distant grumble of thunder 远方雷声隆隆.grumbler / grʌmblə(r); ˋɡrʌmblɚ/ n person who grumbles 埋怨者; 发牢骚的人: Hes a dreadful grumbler. 他是特别爱发牢骚的人.
gruel
/ ˈgruːəl; ˋɡruəl/
1 :[U] a thin porridge
2 [from to get one’s gruel to accept punishment] chiefly British : PUNISHMENT
3 : something that lacks substance or significance the argument was thin gruel
guffaw
/ gəˈfɔː; ɡəˋfɔ/
: a loud or boisterous burst of laughter
–guffaw (,)gə-‘fȯ\ intransitive verb
guillotine
/ ˈgɪlətiːn; ˋɡɪləˏtin/ n
1 : a machine for beheading by means of a heavy blade that slides down in vertical guides
2 : a shearing machine or instrument (as a paper cutter) that in action resembles a guillotine
3 chiefly British : closure by the imposition of a predetermined time limit on the consideration of specific sections of a bill or portions of other legislative business
–guillotine transitive verb
pillory
/ ˈpɪlərɪ; ˋpɪlərɪ/
n wooden framework with holes for the head and hands, into which wrongdoers were locked in former times, so that they could be publicly ridiculed 枷. =>illus 见插图.
> pillory v (pt, pp -ried / -lərɪd; -lərɪd/) [Tn] attack or ridicule (sb) in public 公开攻击或嘲笑（某人）: She was pilloried in the press for her extravagant parties. 她的聚会十分铺张, 新闻界对她大加揶揄.
gulp
transitive verb
1 : to swallow hurriedly or greedily or in one swallow
2 : to keep back as if by swallowing gulp down a sob
3 : to take in readily as if by swallowing gulp down knowledge
intransitive verb : to catch the breath as if in taking a long drink
gulp n
1 act of gulping 吞咽: swallow/sob with loud gulps 大声吞咽[抽泣].
2 mouthful, esp of sth liquid 一大口（尤指液体）: a gulp of cold milk 一大口冷牛奶.
3 (idm 习语) at a `gulp with one gulp 一口气吞下: empty a glass at a gulp 一口气喝完一杯.
guru
/ ˈguruː; US gəˈruː; ɡəˋru/ n
1 : a personal religious teacher and spiritual guide in Hinduism
2 a : a teacher and especially intellectual guide in matters of fundamental concern b : one who is an acknowledged leader or chief proponent c : a person with knowledge or expertise : EXPERT
gush
/ gʌʃ; ɡʌʃ/ v
intransitive verb
1 : to issue copiously or violently E: gushing water 涌出的水 * oil gushing out (from a well) （从井中）涌出的石油 * blood gushing from a wound 自伤口涌出的血.
2 : to emit a sudden copious flow
3 : to make an effusive display of affection or enthusiasm an aunt gushing over the baby
transitive verb
1 : to emit in a copious free flow
2 : to say or write effusively
–gushingly 'gə-shiŋ-lē\ adverb
n.1 a : a sudden outpouring b : something emitted in a gushing forth
2 : an effusive display or outpouring
a gush of oil, anger, enthusiasm 石油的涌出﹑ 怒火的迸发﹑ 热情的奔放.
gusher n oil-well with a strong natural flow (so that pumping is not needed) 喷油井（自动流出的油井）.gushing adj: gushing compliments 滔滔不绝的赞扬话. gushingly adv.
whiff
/ wɪf; US hwɪf; hwɪf/
n.1 a : a quick puff or slight gust especially of air, odor, gas, smoke, or spray E: catch a whiff of perfume, of cigar smoke 闻到一股香水味﹑ 雪茄烟味 * have a whiff of fresh air 吸一点儿新鲜空气 There is an awful whiff coming from the dustbin. 垃圾箱里冒出很臭的味
*b : an inhalation of odor, gas, or smoke E: a whiff of anaesthetic 吸入一点麻醉剂 * He took a few whiffs, ie of a cigar, pipe, etc. 他吸了几口（雪茄﹑ 烟斗等）. c : a slight puffing or whistling sound
2 : a slight trace or indication a whiff of scandal whiff (ie a trace or hint) of danger, scandal, suspicion 有点危险﹑ 丑事﹑ 怀疑.3 : STRIKEOUT
v.1 : to move with or as if with a puff of air
puffs of smoke whiffing from the chimney.2 : to emit whiffs : PUFF
3 : to inhale an odor
4 : STRIKE OUT 3
transitive verb
1 a : to carry or convey by or as if by a whiff : BLOW b : to expel or puff out in a whiff : EXHALEdog whiffing the air. c : SMOKE 3
2 : FAN 8 whiffed three batters
gustation
: the act or sensation of tasting
gust
/ gʌst; ɡʌst/
gust
/ gʌst; ɡʌst/ n (a) sudden violent rush of wind （突然的）一阵狂风: the wind blowing in gusts 刮起阵阵的狂风 * fitful gusts of wind 阵阵的狂风. (b) (fig 比喻) outburst of feeling 感情的迸发: a gust of temper 大发脾气.
> gust v [I] (of the wind) blow in gusts （指风）劲吹, 猛刮: winds gusting up to 60 mph 风速达每小时60英里的狂风.
gusty adj (-ier, -iest) with wind blowing in gusts 有阵阵狂风的: a gusty day, wind 刮阵阵狂风的一天﹑ 阵阵强劲的风.
gyrate
/ ˏdʒaɪˈreɪt; US ˈdʒaɪreɪt; ˋdʒaɪret/ v
1gyrate 1 v. Pronunciation: 'jī-,rāt Function: adjective DatE: 1830 \: winding or coiled around : CONVOLUTED *gyrate branches of a tree*
2gyrate 2 v.
Function: intransitive verb
Inflected Form: gyrated ; gyrating
DatE: 1830
1 : to revolve around a point or axis E: The dancers gyrated wildly to the beat of the music.
2 : to oscillate with or as if with a circular or spiral motion
Stock and bond markets have gyrated in recent weeks –gyrator -,rā-tər\ noun
–gyratory 'jī-rə-,tȯr-ē\ adjective
gyration noun [C, usually pl., U]: The butterflies were performing aerial gyrations. ◆ the gyration of the earth on its axis
hackneyed
/ ˈhæknɪd; ˋhæknɪd/ adj
: lacking in freshness or originality hackneyed slogans
synonyms see TRITE
TRITE, HACKNEYED, STEREOTYPED, THREADBARE mean lacking the freshness that evokes attention or interest. TRITE applies to a once effective phrase or idea spoiled from long familiarity “you win some, you lose some” is a trite expression. HACKNEYED stresses being worn out by overuse so as to become dull and meaningless all of the metaphors and images in the poem are hackneyed. STEREOTYPED implies falling invariably into the same pattern or form views of minorities that are stereotyped and out-of-date. THREADBARE applies to what has been used until its possibilities of interest have been totally exhausted a mystery novel with a threadbare plot.
hail
1hail 1 n.
Pronunciation: ‘hāl
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English, from Old English hægl; akin to Old High German hagal hail
DatE: before 12th century
1 : precipitation in the form of small balls or lumps usually consisting of concentric layers of clear ice and compact snow
2 : something that gives the effect of a shower of hail a hail of rifle fire a hail of bullets, blows, curses 一阵弹雨﹑ 乱打﹑ 乱骂.
2hail 2 n.
Function: intransitive verb
DatE: before 12th century
1 : to precipitate hail it was hailing hard
2 : to pour down or strike like hail
Stones hailed down on them. 石头像雹子一样落在他们身上. * They hailed curses down on us. 他们大骂了我们一通.
3hail 3 n.
Function: interjection
Etymology: Middle English, from Old Norse heill, from heill healthy ― more at WHOLE
DatE: 13th century
1 archaic ― used as a salutation
2 ― used to express acclamation hail to the chief ― Sir Walter Scott
4hail 4 n.
Function: transitive verb
DatE: 13th century
1 a : SALUTE, GREET b : to greet with enthusiastic approval : ACCLAIM crowds hailing him as king, as a hero 拥他为王﹑ 赞他为英雄的群众 * (fig 比喻) The book was hailed as a masterpiece/as masterly. 这本书被誉为杰作.
2 : to greet or summon by calling hail a taxi
intransitive verb : to call out especially : to call a greeting to a passing ship
~ from… originate from (a place) 来自（某地）: She hails (ie comes) from India. 她来自印度. * Where does the ship hail from? ie Which is her home port? 这条船是从哪里开出来的（船籍港是何处）? –hailer \hā-lər\ noun
–hail from : to be or have been native to or a resident of
5hail 5 n.
Function: noun
DatE: 1500
1 : an exclamation of greeting or acclamation
2 : a calling to attract attention
3 : hearing distance stayed within hail
halcyon
/ ˈhælsɪən; ˋhælsɪən/
1halcyon 1 n.
Pronunciation: ‘hal-sē-ən
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English alceon, from Latin halcyon, from Greek alkyōn, halkyōn
DatE: 14th century
1 : a bird identified with the kingfisher and held in ancient legend to nest at sea about the time of the winter solstice and to calm the waves during incubation
2 : KINGFISHER
2halcyon 2 n.
Function: adjective
DatE: 1601
1 : of or relating to the halcyon or its nesting period
2 a : CALM, PEACEFUL b : HAPPY, GOLDEN c : PROSPEROUS, AFFLUENT
the halcyon days of youth 青春的好年华
hale
1hale 1 adj.
Pronunciation: ‘hāəl
Function: adjective
Etymology: partly from Middle English (northern) hale, from Old English hāl; partly from Middle English hail, from Old Norse heill ― more at WHOLE
DatE: before 12th century
: free from defect, disease, or infirmity : SOUND also : retaining exceptional health and vigor a hale and hearty old man
synonyms see HEALTHY
2hale 2 adj.
Function: transitive verb
Inflected Form: haled ; haling
Etymology: Middle English halen, from Anglo-French haler, aler ― more at HAUL
DatE: 13th century
1 : HAUL, PULL
2 : to compel to go
hallmark
/ ˈhɔːlmɑːk; ˋhɔlˏmɑrk/
1hallmark 1 n.
Pronunciation: ‘hȯl-,märk
Function: noun
Etymology: Goldsmiths’ Hall, London, England, where gold and silver articles were assayed and stamped
DatE: 1721
1 a : an official mark stamped on gold and silver articles in England to attest their purity b : a mark or device placed or stamped on an article of trade to indicate origin, purity, or genuineness
2 : a distinguishing characteristic, trait, or feature the dramatic flourishes which are the hallmark of the trial lawyer ― Marion K. SandersAttention to detail is the hallmark of a fine craftsman. 能工巧匠的特点是一丝不苟.
2hallmark 2 n.
Function: transitive verb
DatE: 1773
: to stamp with a hallmark
hallow
/ ˈhæləu; ˋhælo/
hallow v.
Pronunciation: ‘ha-(,)lō
Function: transitive verb
Etymology: Middle English halowen, from Old English hālgian, from hālig holy ― more at HOLY
DatE: before 12th century
1 : to make holy or set apart for holy use
2 : to respect greatly : VENERATE
ground hallowed by sacred memories 因在宗教上有纪念意义而视为神圣的土地.
hallucinate
/ həˈluːsɪneɪt; həˋlusnˏet/
transitive verb
1 : to affect with visions or imaginary perceptions
2 : to perceive or experience as a hallucination
intransitive verb : to have hallucinations
–hallucinator -,nā-tər\ noun
halo
/ ˈheɪləu; ˋhelo/ n (~es or ~s) (also aureola, aureole)
(in paintings, etc) circle of light shown round or above the head of a sacred figure （绘画等作品中）（环绕圣像头上的）光轮, 光环.
= corona.
hamper
v.1 a : to restrict the movement of by bonds or obstacles : IMPEDE b : to interfere with the operation of : DISRUPT 2 a : CURB, RESTRAIN b : to interfere with : ENCUMBER Our progress was hampered by the bad weather. 我们前进时受到了恶劣天气的阻碍.synonyms HAMPER, TRAMMEL, CLOG, FETTER, SHACKLE, MANACLE mean to hinder or impede in moving, progressing, or acting. HAMPER may imply the effect of any impeding or restraining influence *hampered the investigation by refusing to cooperate*. TRAMMEL suggests entangling by or confining within a net *rules that trammel the artist's creativity*. CLOG usually implies a slowing by something extraneous or encumbering *a court system clogged by frivolous suits*. FETTER suggests a restraining so severe that freedom to move or progress is almost lost *a nation fettered by an antiquated class system*. SHACKLE and MANACLE are stronger than FETTER and suggest total loss of freedom *a mind shackled by stubborn prejudice* *a people manacled by tyranny*. n.: a large basket usually with a cover for packing, storing, or transporting articles (as food or laundry)
hangar
/ ˈhæŋə(r); ˋhæŋɚ/
: SHELTER, SHED especially : a covered and usually enclosed area for housing and repairing aircraft
hangdog
1 : SAD, DEJECTED
2 : SHEEPISH
his hangdog expression 他那羞愧的表情.
I could tell from his hangdog look that things had gone badly.
hanker
: to have a strong or persistent desire : YEARN ― often used with for or after
hanker after wealth 渴求财富 * hanker to become famous 渴望成名.
synonyms see LONG
–hankerer -kər-ər\ noun
hankering n ~ (after/for sth) strong desire 强烈的念头: have a hankering for a cigarette 很想吸烟.
haphazard
adj.: marked by lack of plan, order, or direction
books piled on shelves in a haphazard fashion 乱七八糟地堆在书架上的书籍.
RANDOM, HAPHAZARD, CASUAL mean determined by accident rather than design. RANDOM stresses lack of definite aim, fixed goal, or regular procedure a random selection of books. HAPHAZARD applies to what is done without regard for regularity or fitness or ultimate consequence a haphazard collection of rocks. CASUAL suggests working or acting without deliberation, intention, or purpose a casual collector.
harass
1 a : EXHAUST, FATIGUE b (1) : to annoy persistently (2) : to create an unpleasant or hostile situation for especially by uninvited and unwelcome verbal or physical conduct E: Political dissidents complained of being harassed by the police. 持不同政见者申诉他们受到警方的不断骚扰. * He always looks harassed, ie tired and irritated by constant worry. 他老是愁眉苦脸的.
2 : to worry and impede by repeated raids harassed the enemy
synonyms see WORRY
–harasser noun
–harassment -mənt\ noun
harbinger
1 archaic : a person sent ahead to provide lodgings
2 a : one that pioneers in or initiates a major change : PRECURSOR E:The acclelerating tension on the borders is a harbinger of a all-round war. their early victory was the harbinger of a winning season b : one that presages or foreshadows what is to come E: The crowing of the cock is a harbinger of dawn. 鸡啼报晓. * The cuckoo is a harbinger of spring. 布谷鸟预告春天的来临.
FORERUNNER, PRECURSOR, HARBINGER, HERALD mean one that goes before or announces the coming of another. FORERUNNER is applicable to anything that serves as a sign or presage the blockade was the forerunner of war. PRECURSOR applies to a person or thing paving the way for the success or accomplishment of another 18th century poets like Burns were precursors of the Romantics. HARBINGER and HERALD both apply, chiefly figuratively, to one that proclaims or announces the coming or arrival of a notable event their early victory was the harbinger of a winning season the herald of a new age in medicine.
hardheaded
1 : STUBBORN, WILLFUL
2 : concerned with or involving practical considerations : SOBER, REALISTIC some hardheaded advice a hardheaded observer of winds and tides
–hardheadedly adverb
–hardheadedness noun
hardy
1 : BOLD, BRAVE
2 : AUDACIOUS, BRAZEN
3 a : inured to fatigue or hardships : ROBUST b : capable of withstanding adverse conditions hardy outdoor furniture hardy plants hardy cattle A few hardy people swam in the icy water. 有几个不怕冷的人在冰冷的水里游泳.
–hardily 'här-dəl-ē\ adverb
–hardiness 'här-dē-nəs\ noun
hardy `annual 1 annual plant strong enough to be grown in the open air 耐寒的一年生植物.
(fig joc 比喻, 谑) subject that is mentioned or discussed regularly 周期性地提出来的老问题.
harness
1 a : the gear other than a yoke of a draft animal b : GEAR, EQUIPMENT especially : military equipment for a horse or man
2 a : occupational surroundings or routine get back into harness after a vacation b : close association ability to work in harness with others ― R. P. Brooks
3 a : something that resembles a harness (as in holding or fastening something) a parachute harness b : prefabricated wiring with insulation and terminals ready to be attached
4 : a part of a loom which holds and controls the heddles
die in harness die while still working 在工作期间死去; 死於岗位
in double harness with a partner, or with a husband or wife 两人一起; 夫妻一起: The brothers work in double harness. 哥儿俩一起工作
vt.1 a : the gear other than a yoke of a draft animal b : GEAR, EQUIPMENT especially : military equipment for a horse or man
2 a : occupational surroundings or routine get back into harness after a vacation b : close association ability to work in harness with others ― R. P. Brooks
3 a : something that resembles a harness (as in holding or fastening something) a parachute harness b : prefabricated wiring with insulation and terminals ready to be attached
4 : a part of a loom which holds and controls the heddles
die in harness die while still working 在工作期间死去; 死於岗位
in double harness with a partner, or with a husband or wife 两人一起; 夫妻一起: The brothers work in double harness. 哥儿俩一起工作
loom
: a frame or machine for interlacing at right angles two or more sets of threads or yarns to form a cloth织布机.
vi.: a frame or machine for interlacing at right angles two or more sets of threads or yarns to form a cloth织布机.
harp
1 : a plucked stringed instrument consisting of a resonator, an arched or angled neck that may be supported by a post, and strings of graded length that are perpendicular to the soundboard
2 : something resembling a harp
3 : HARMONICA 2
–harpist 'här-pist\ noun
vi.1 : to play on a harp
2 : to dwell on or recur to a subject tiresomely or monotonously ― usually used with on
She’s always harping on (about) my faults. 她对我的错误老是唠叨个没完.
horn:blow＝harp:pluck 吹喇叭＝拔竖琴”
harridan
/ ˈhærɪdən; ˋhærədən/
: SHREW 2 an ill-tempered scolding woman
harrow
n heavy frame with metal spikes or discs dragged over ploughed land to break up lumps of earth, cover seeds, etc 耙.
> harrow v
[I, Tn] pull a harrow over (land) 耙（地）.
[Tn] distress (sb) greatly 使（某人）极其痛苦. harrowing / ˈhærəuɪŋ; ˋhæroɪŋ/ adj very distressing 令人极其伤心的: a harrowing experience, story, film 极其痛苦的经历﹑ 令人肠断的故事﹑ 催人泪下的电影.
harry
1 : to make a pillaging or destructive raid on : ASSAULT The Vikings harried the English coast. 北欧海盗曾不断骚扰英国沿海地区.
2 : to force to move along by harassing harrying the terrified horses down out of the mountains ― R. A. Sokolov
3 : to torment by or as if by constant attack E: She has been harried by the press all week.
hasten
intransitive verb : to move or act quickly He hastened (away) to the office. 他急急忙忙到办公室去了. * I have important news for you good news, I hasten to add. 我有重要消息要告诉你--是好消息, 我得赶紧补充一句. transitive verb 1 : to urge on *hastened her to the door ― A. J. Cronin*
hasty
/ ˈheɪstɪ; ˋhestɪ/
1 a archaic : rapid in action or movement : SPEEDY b : done or made in a hurry c : fast and typically superficial made a hasty examination of the wound a hasty departure, meal, farewell匆匆忙忙的离去﹑ 用餐﹑ 告别 * hasty words that are soon regretted 脱口而出旋即後悔的话.
2 : EAGER, IMPATIENT
3 : PRECIPITATE, RASH You shouldn’t be too hasty in deciding to get married. 在婚姻大事上你不该过於轻率.
4 : prone to anger : IRRITABLE
hatch 1
/ hætʃ; hætʃ/
n.1 : a small door or opening (as in an airplane or spaceship) an escape hatch
2 a : an opening in the deck of a ship or in the floor or roof of a building b : the covering for such an opening c : HATCHWAY d : COMPARTMENT
3 : FLOODGATE
v.intransitive verb
1 : to produce young by incubation
2 a : to emerge from an egg, chrysalis, or pupa b : to give forth young or imagoes
3 : to incubate eggs : BROOD
transitive verb
1 a : to produce (young) from an egg by applying natural or artificial heat E: The chicks/caterpillars/grubs have hatched(out). 小鸡[毛虫/小蛆]孵出来了The hen hatches (out) her young by sitting on the eggs. 母鸡伏在蛋上孵小鸡..b : INCUBATE 1A
2 : to bring into being : ORIGINATE especially : to concoct in secret *hatch a plot* What mischief are those children hatching (up)? 那些孩子在琢磨什麽鬼花样?
hatchery n place for hatching eggs, esp of fish 孵卵处; （尤指鱼的）孵化场: a `trout hatchery 鳟鱼孵化场
–hatchability \,ha-chə-‘bi-lə-tē\ noun
–hatchable 'ha-chə-bəl\ adjective
–hatcher noun
incubate
transitive verb
1 a : to sit on (eggs) so as to hatch by the warmth of the body E: a bird incubating (her eggs) 正在孵卵的鸟.b : to maintain (as an embryo or a chemically active system) under conditions favorable for hatching, development, or reaction E: Some viruses incubate very rapidly. 有些病毒繁殖得很迅速. * incubate germs in a laboratory 在实验室中培养细菌.
2 : to cause or aid the development of incubate an idea plans for revolution that had long been incubating in their minds 他们心中酝酿已久的革命计画.
intransitive verb
1 : to sit on eggs
2 : to undergo incubation : DEVELOP
incubation / ,ɪnkjubeɪʃn; ,ɪnkjəˋbeʃən/ n
1 [U] hatching (of eggs) 孵卵; 孵化: artificial incubation, ie hatching by artificial warmth 人工孵化.
2 [C] (also incubation period) (a) (medical 医) period between being infected with a disease and the appearance of the first symptoms （传染病的）潜伏期. (b) (fig 比喻) (period for) developing plans, etc （计画等的）酝酿（期）.
incubator / `ɪŋkjubeɪtə(r); ˋɪŋkjə,betɚ/ n boxlike apparatus for hatching eggs by artificial warmth or for rearing small, weak babies (esp those born prematurely) 孵化器; 恒温育婴箱（尤指培育早产婴儿的
–incubative -,bā-tiv\ adjective
–incubatory -kyə-bə-,tȯr-ē, -,bā-tə-rē\ adjective
