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PWE Interview > Grass & Forage Production MCQ1 Samples > Flashcards

Grass & Forage Production MCQ1 Samples Flashcards

Sample Questions

1
Q

What is the % N in the atmosphere?

A

78%

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2
Q

What type of plant has the ability to fix atmospheric N?

A

Legumes

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3
Q

What is N gas converted to in the root nodules of the plant?

A

Ammonia (NHa)

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4
Q

What form of nitrogen do the bacteria provide for the legume plant?

A

Ammonium

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5
Q

What is the benefit of the symbiotic relationship for the bacteria?

A

The legume plant provides the bacteria with CHO for energy

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6
Q

What is plant growth in legumes directly related to?

A

Rate of Na fixation

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7
Q

Which of the following will have an effect on the rate of N2 fixation?

A
  • Drought
  • Low temperature
  • Nutrient availability
  • Disease/weed infestation
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8
Q

What is the fixation rate of red clover?

A

200kgN/ha/yr

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9
Q

What are characteristics of red clover plants?

A
  • short life span
  • Erect growth habit
  • Good winter hardiness
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10
Q

What is the function of PPO (polyphenol oxidase) ?

A

Inhibition of post harvest proteolysis by inhibiting activity of the plants proteases in the silo.

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11
Q

What are some of the disadvantages of red clover?

A
  • unsuitable to intensive grazing
  • Yield declines markedly over time
  • Can lead to bloat in ruminants
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12
Q

When sowing a red clover, PRG mix, what should the ratio in the seed mix be?

A

3:1

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13
Q

Why is it important to encourage stolon growth throughout the year?

A

To ensure high survival rates over the winter

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14
Q

How much white clover should be included per hectare?

A

4.63kg/ha

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15
Q

How much grass is grown per ha?

A
  • 14kg/ha for a Diploid
  • 16kg/ha for a tetraploid
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16
Q

If a plant has caespitose growth habit, what does this mean?

A

Grows in tufts

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17
Q

What type of a growth habit does white clover have?

A

Stoloniferous

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18
Q

What is the usual inclusion of white clover in a seed mixture?

A

1kg/ha

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19
Q

How much red clover would you usually find in a permanent pasture in Ireland?

A

Rarely 5%

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20
Q

For high clover establishment, how much will need to be incorporated in the seed mix?

A

3-4kg/ha

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21
Q

In relation to white clover cultivars, what are characteristics of varieties with medium sized leaves?

A
  • moderate stolon density
  • suitable for frequent, close grazing
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22
Q

What are characteristics of white clover varieties with large leaves?

A
  • longer petioles & fewer stolons
  • suitable for lax, rotational grazing
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23
Q

When does white clover have a lower leaf photosynthesis rate than grasses?

A

Spring

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24
Q

When does white clover have a higher photosynthesis rate than grasses?

A

Summer

25
Q

When does white clover rebuild its stolon/root reserves?

A

Autumn

26
Q

Over the summer period, which animals should be grazed on white clover ground?

A

Priority stock

27
Q

What is the standard length of recovery period over the winter for white clover swards?

A

100-150 days

28
Q

What grazing technique should be employed on white clover ground in spring to ensure grazing quality for later in the season?

A

Frequent rotational or continuous grazing

29
Q

What would the crude protein content of a white clover/PRG sward be?

A

21%

30
Q

What are some of the advantages of white clover in the sward?

A
  • Intakes are increased
  • Mineral contents are increased
31
Q

What are some of the disadvantages of using clover?

A
  • Issues with persistence
  • Can lead to increased bloat incidence
  • Dock control becomes more difficult
32
Q

What are the 3 methods of increasing white clover content of the sward?

A
  • direct reseeding
  • oversowing
  • promoting the existing sward
33
Q

Clover is introduced to an existing sward & conditions are then optimised for the establishment of clover in the sward. This is known as:

A
  • oversowing
34
Q

When should oversowing occur?

A

After silage or a tight grazing in late May/ early June.

35
Q

What fertiliser should be applied when oversowing white clover?

A

0:7:30

36
Q

What is the best stage to kill docks?

A

100 days

37
Q

How many seeds does an adult dock produce per year?

A

60,000

38
Q

What are some of the characteristics of soils that are favourable to clover production?

A
  • Fertile
  • High moisture in summer
  • Warm
  • High lime status
  • Med-free draining
39
Q

What is the normal freshweight intake level of a 600kg lactating dairy cow?

A

100-125 kg/day

40
Q

Utilisation of 1 tonne extra of grass can result in an increase in profitability by how much on a dairy and dry stock farms respectively?

A

€181/ha - dairy
€105/ha - dry stock

41
Q

In a high sward density, how many tillers will be present?

A

30,000/m^2

42
Q

Undergrazing will:

A
  • Improve individual animal performance
  • Reduce the output per unit area
  • Reduce sward quality
43
Q

Overgrazing will:

A
  • Reduce the persistency of the sward
  • Reduce yield
  • Reduce individual animal performance
44
Q

How much time should animals spend in each paddock in a rotational grazing system?

A

4-5 days at most

45
Q

What height should grass be cut to when measuring using a quadrat & shears?

A

4cm

46
Q

During periods of continous rain you should estimate the grass DM as?

A

12-15%

47
Q

During the first rotation in the spring or in periods of drier weather, what should you estimate grass DM as?

A

18-19%

48
Q

During drought conditions, what should you estimate grass DM as?

A

22-23%

49
Q

Post grazing sward height can be an indication of:

A
  • Residual grass yield
  • Pasture quality
  • Allocation/day
50
Q

A post-sward grazing height of less than 3.5cm would indicate what?

A

overgrazing

51
Q

A post grazing sward height of 3.5-4cm represents a post grazing residual of?

A

0-50kg DM/ha

52
Q

What is organic matter digestibility used to calculate?

A

Energy content/ UFL / UFV value

53
Q

What is the crude protein content of grazed grass?

A

180-250 g/kg DM

54
Q

What is the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content of grazed grass?

A

350-400g/kg DM

ADF = 180-250 g/kg DM

55
Q

What is the acid detergent fibre (ADF) content of grazed grass?

A

180-250 g/kg DM

NDF= 350-400g/kg DM

56
Q

What is the expected DMD, UFL content & crude protein content of Autumn grass?

A
  • 80% + DMD
  • 0.85-0.90 UFL/kg DM
  • 21-23% Crude protein
57
Q

Grazing swards with medium pre-grazing yields instead of high pre-grazing yields should result in:

A
  • Higher grass utilisation
  • Better sward quality
  • Higher leaf content
58
Q

In the perennial ryegrass plant, what is the standard length of the true stem?

A

3cm

PWE Interview (7 decks)

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