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PWE Interview > Grass & Forage Production > Flashcards

Grass & Forage Production Flashcards

MCQ1

1
Q

What % of the worlds total land area do grasslands account for?

A

25%
or 40% of the global land area without permanent ice cover.

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2
Q

What % of Europe is grassland?

A

13%

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3
Q

What continent do grasslands not exist on?

A

Antarctica

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4
Q

What percentage do intensive and semi-intensive grasslands represent of total land use?

A

2%

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5
Q

What are forbs?

A

Forbs are herbaceous dicotyledonous species including legumes.

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6
Q

When did grasslands begin to grow in Ireland?

A

13-15,000 years ago - species rich grassland ( plants and grasses began to grow after the ice melted)

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7
Q

How old are treeless pastures?

A

around 300 years old (1700’s)

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8
Q

What % does grassland account for in the total land use in Ireland in 2021?

A

59%

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9
Q

What is the land area is Ireland?

A

6.9 million hectares.

4.9 m hectares of agricultural area used in 2016

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10
Q

What % of Irish grasslands account for Irish Agricultural land area?

A

92%

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11
Q

Grassland accounts for ____% of total land use in Ireland

A

59%

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12
Q

Almost ___ of all farm holders are aged over 65 in 2020?

A

1/3

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13
Q

Grassland accounts for ___ of the worlds surface?

A

40%

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14
Q

Grassland accounts for ___of the total land use in Ireland in 2020?

A

59%

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15
Q

Grassland accounts for ____ of Irish Agricultural land area

A

92%

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16
Q

Characteristics of Brown Earths, Brown Podzolics & Luvisols?

A
  • more intensive & productive soils.
  • Moderately to well drained.
  • Good nutrient retention capacity.
17
Q

Characteristics of sandier well-drained soils?

A
  • Responsive to nitrogen (N) fertiliser inputs.
  • Greater risk for N-leaching in wetter periods.
18
Q

Characteristics of Alluvials, surface-water & groundwater Gleys?

A
  • Less productive
  • Can release N from organic matter
  • Production of nitrous oxide (N20) due to denitrification under anaerobic conditions
19
Q

Where are the soil temperatures more favourable in Ireland for longer?

A

The soil temperatures are favourable for grass growth for about 11 weeks longer per year in the coastal districts of the south & south-west compared to the midlands.

20
Q

Why is knowing the soil temperature important?

A

so you know when the plant is growing so that N fertilisers can be applied to promote growth at the opportune time.

21
Q

How many hours of sunshine does Ireland normally get each year?

A

Between 1400 - 1700

22
Q

What does Topography govern?

A

Topography governs the position of a soil on the landscape = water runoff & drainage.

23
Q

What are the factors affecting land use & grass growth?

A
  1. Soil type
  2. Global location
  3. Temperature
  4. Rainfall
  5. Topography
24
Q

What is the variation in annual profitability between free draining & badly drained soils regardless of milk price?

A

Up to €28k

25
Q

What should dairy farmers set as a target for increasing grass utilisation to?

A

10 tonnes/ha

26
Q

What % of national GHG emissions is Ag responsible for in 2021?

A

37.5%

27
Q

How much does Ireland aim to reduce GHG emissions by 2030 & then by 2050?

A

25% by 2030
Carbon neutral by 2050

28
Q

How does Ireland aim to improve water quality?

A

by a 50% reduction in nutrient losses
20% reduction in the use of fertilisers`

29
Q

How many days of the year are livestock dependent on grass for?

A

Minimum of 200-235 days of the year

30
Q

Why is Ireland suited to grass production?

A
  • Located between 50 degrees N and 55 degrees N lattitude.
  • temperate climate
  • influenced by prevailing westerly winds & the proximity of the ocean & the gulf stream
  • Annual rainfall of 750-1450mm
    -No defined dry or wet periods.
31
Q

What is Ireland’s % territory under water stress?

A

0

32
Q

When does annual grass growth peak in Ireland?

A

Peaks in late May
_________________
Commences in Feb/March
Falls off into June
Peaks again in August
Rapidly decreases thereafter
Growth almost ceases in November

33
Q

What is the annual DM yield?

A

11-15 t/ha

34
Q

What is the % N in the atmosphere?

A

78%

35
Q
A

PWE Interview (7 decks)

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