Granulation

Question 1

A vital unit operation in pharmaceutical production, converting fine or coarse particles into granules.

Answer 1

Granulation

Question 2

Granulation is commonly used for?

Answer 2

Manufacturing of tablets and capsules

Question 3

Why Granulation Matters?

Answer 3

1. Improves flowability and compressibility of powders.
2. Enhances content uniformity.
3. Allows for the controlled release of active ingredients.
4. Provides mechanical strength to tablets.

Question 4

Types of Granulation

Answer 4

Dry and Wet Granulation

Question 5

Advantages and limitations of Dry granulation

Answer 5

Advantages: No need for granulation liquid, suitable for moisture-sensitive materials.
Limitations: Limited in terms of granule properties.

Question 6

Mechanical compression (e.g., slugs) or compaction (roller compaction).

Answer 6

Dry granulation

Question 7

Advantages and limitations of wet granulation

Answer 7

Advantages: Versatile, produces granules with desired characteristics.
Limitations: Complex, time-consuming, requires multiple unit processes.

Question 8

Uses a granulation liquid (binder/solvent) for agglomeration.

Answer 8

Wet Granulation

Question 9

Wet granulation process:

Answer 9

1. Wet Massing: Mixing of powders with a granulation liquid to form a wet mass.
2. Drying: Removing moisture from the wet mass to form granules.
3. Screening: Sizing and separating granules for further processing.

Question 10

Factors Influencing Granulation:

Answer 10

1. Characteristics of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients.
2. Desired properties of the final dosage form (e.g., tablet hardness, disintegration time).
3. Cost considerations.

Question 11

pharmaceutical or dietary formulations that release carbon dioxide gas when dissolved in water or another suitable solvent.

Answer 11

Effervescent preparations

Question 12

Effervescent preparations are commonly used to

Answer 12

deliver medications, vitamins, and minerals, as well as for various other applications

Question 13

Components of Effervescent Preparations

Answer 13

Active ingredients
Acid source
Carbonate or bicarbonate source
Binders and fillers
Flavorings and sweeteners

Question 14

These are the therapeutic agents or nutrients that the effervescent preparation is intended to deliver

Answer 14

Activate ingredient

Question 15

This reacts with bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas.

Answer 15

Acid source

Question 16

Commonly used to provide the source of carbon dioxide gas when mixed with an acid

Answer 16

Carbonate or Bicarbonate source

Question 17

These are excipients that help in tablet or powder formation and provide structural integrity to the effervescent
formulation

Answer 17

Binders and Fillers

Question 18

Effervescent preparations often contain flavorings and sweeteners to improve

Answer 18

Taste and palatability