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English Language > Grammar - Word Classes > Flashcards

Grammar - Word Classes Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Adjective?

A

Adjectives = words that describe something.

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2
Q

List the types of Adjectives.

A
  1. Base = ‘normal’ adjectives
  2. Comparative = adjectives which compare, ends with the suffix “-er”.
  3. Superlative = adjectives which express an extreme, ends with the suffix “-est”.
  4. Attributive = pre modifying (comes before the noun)
  5. Predicative = post modifying (comes after the noun).
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3
Q

What is a Noun?

A

Noun = a word that names something.

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4
Q

List the types of Nouns.

A
  1. Proper = refers to specific people and places.
  2. Common = all other nouns that aren’t proper nouns. These are subdivided into 3 categories:
    a. Concrete = things that exist physically
    b. Abstract = things that don’t exist physically (feelings, ideas and qualities)
    c. Collective = groups of people, animals or objects
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5
Q

What is a Verb?

A

Verb = a word used to describe an action, state or an occurrence, and forming the predicate of a sentence.

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6
Q

What are Finite and Non-Finite Verbs?

A
  1. Finite = a verb which has a subject and shows tense. They change form according to the subject.
  2. Non-Finite = a verb which doesn’t show tense and doesn’t change form according to the subject.
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7
Q

What are the 3 types of Non-Finite Verbs?

A
  1. Gerunds = verbs that act as nouns. They don’t change forms or show tense.
  2. Participles = they either form verb tenses with the help of auxiliary verbs, or act as adjectives
  3. Infinitives = the base form of a verb, usually preceded by the word “to”.
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8
Q

What are Transitive and Intransitive Verbs?

A
  1. Transitive = dynamic verbs that require an object
  2. Intransitive = dynamic verbs that don’t require an object
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9
Q

What are the 2 Lexical Verbs?

A
  1. Dynamic = this verb denotes a physical action, usually you can physically see this happening.
  2. Stative = this verb denotes a state of mind, usually you cannot physically see this happening
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10
Q

What are Auxiliary Verbs?

A

Auxiliary Verbs = form the tenses, moods and voices of other verbs

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11
Q

What are the 2 Auxiliary Verbs?

A
  1. Primary Auxiliary = “be”, “do”, “have”. When they change tense, they become “is”, “had”, “has”.
  2. Modal Auxiliary = they express necessity or possibility and include: must, shall, will, should, can, may.
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12
Q

What is a Noun Phrase?

A

Noun Phrase = a phrase based on a noun but containing another word that modifies the meaning of a noun.

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13
Q

What are Modifiers?

A

Modifiers = add to the meaning of a noun (e.g. pre modifiers and post modifiers)

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14
Q

What are Adverbs?

A

Adverbs = gives us extra information on a verb, typically ends with “-ly”.

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15
Q

What are the 3 Categories of Adverbs?

A
  1. Conjuncts = link toa sentence with a point made previously (e.g. also, therefore, next)
  2. Disjuncts = comment on part of the text and its ideas, and don’t link to a previous sentence
  3. Adjuncts = this is the largest class, which all other adverbs fall into. They add to the meaning of the sentence through adverbials.
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16
Q

What are Adverbials?

A

Adverbials = groups of words that modify the main clause of a sentence.

17
Q

What are the 7 Adverbials?

A
  1. Adverbs of TIME = shows when a verb is being done (e.g. yesterday, soon, later)
  2. Adverbs of MANNER = shows how a verb is being done (e.g. happily, slowly)
  3. Adverbs of PLACE = shows where a verb is being done (e.g. abroad, outside, in)
  4. Adverbs of FREQUENCY = shows how often a verb is being done (e.g. generally, never, always)
  5. Adverbs of DEGREE = shows the extent to which the verb is being done and the intensity of it (e.g. very)
  6. Adverbs of QUANTITY = shows the amount that the verb is being done (e.g. hardly, just, only)
  7. Adverbs of EVALUATION = expresses the attitudes of the writer about the information in the clause that follows (e.g. apparently, hopefully, fairly)
18
Q

What are Pronouns?

A

Pronouns = it occurs independently without a noun following it because it replaces the noun itself

19
Q

What are the 7 Types of Pronouns?

A
  1. Personal Pronoun = replaces the subject or object in a sentence (e.g. I, we, me, him)
  2. Reflexive Pronoun = indicate the object of a verb is the same as the subject of a sentence (e.g. they, themselves)
  3. Indefinite Pronoun = they don’t refer to any specific person or thing (e.g. someone, everyone)
  4. Demonstrative Pronoun = they tend to point to something (e.g. this, that)
  5. Possessive Pronoun = shows possession, only when not placed before the noun (e.g. hers, ours, mine)
  6. Interrogative Pronoun = used when asking a question (e.g. whose, which, what)
  7. Relative Pronoun = act as linking words in a sentence and are always placed immediately after the noun they refer to (e.g. whom, that, which)
20
Q

What are Determiners?

A

Determiners = when a noun follows a word.

21
Q

List the 5 Types of Determiners.

A
  1. Definite Articles = “the”
  2. Indefinite Articles = “a” or “an”
  3. Numerical Determiners = e.g. one two three OR first second third
  4. Quantifiers = show quantity (e.g. few, many, enough)
  5. Demonstrative Determiners = refers only to specific objects or people (e.g. this, that, these, those)
22
Q

What are Prepositions?

A

Prepositions = a word that tells you where or when something is in relation to something else

23
Q

What do Prepositions express a relationship between?

A

Prepositions express a relationship between 2 things:
1. Time (e.g. at, after, by, around)
2. Space (e.g. under, to, on, above)

24
Q

What are Conjunctions?

A

Conjunctions = words used to connect words, phrases and clauses

25
Q

What are the 3 Types of Conjunctions?

A
  1. Coordinating Conjunctions = they join noun with noun, adjective with adjective. They are FANBOYS.
  2. Subordinating Conjunctions = they join subordinating clauses to main clauses (e.g. because, since, if, while)
  3. Correlative Conjunctions = they are used in pairs to join alternatives or equal elements. The most common parts are: either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also.
26
Q

What is a Main Clause?

A

Main Clause = the sentence that makes sense on its own

27
Q

What is a Subordinate Clause?

A

Subordinate Clause = the less important information which doesn’t make sense on its own.

28
Q

What are Lexical Word Classes?

A

Lexical Word Classes carry the main meaning in a sentence, and are also known as “open word classes” as we can add new words within them (e.g. selfie, Google).

THESE FALL UNDER THE LEXICAL WORD CLASS:
1. Nouns
2. Adjectives
3. Verbs
4. Adverbs

29
Q

What are Grammatical Word Classes?

A

Grammatical Word Classes = they help build a sentence, and are also known as “function words” or “closed word classes” as we can’t add new words within them.

THESE FALL UNDER THE GRAMMATICAL WORD CLASSES:
1. Determiners
2. Pronouns
3. Prepositions
4. Conjunctions

English Language (9 decks)

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