Grammar - Test 1 Flashcards
的 vs. 地 vs. 得
Adj + 的 + N：ownership
Adj + 地 + V：must do something
V + 得 + model complement：indicator of a complement
得 structure
V + 得 + model complement：indicator of a complement
我们着急得吃不下饭，睡不好觉。
We were so anxious that we couldn’t eat or sleep well.
我忙得没有时间吃饭。
I’m so busy that I don’t have time to eat.
我累得不想吃饭。
I’m too tired to eat.
Numbers +10,000 basic numerical units:
MW = 个
十
百
千
万
亿
MW = 个(one) - ge
十(ten) - shi
百 hundred) - bai
千(thousand) - qian
万(+ ten thousand) - wan
亿 (+ one hundred million) - yi
Approximate numbers: 几
Several: 几 + MW + N
他有几个中国朋友。
He has several Chinese friends.
几 + {十/百/千/万} + M + N
我们认识几百个汉字。
We know hundreds of Chinese characters.
十(二十/三十) +几 (over …) + M + N
来美国以前，我在中国住了三十几年。
Before coming to the United States, I lived in China for more than thirty years.
necessary condition (as long as)
只要 + condition, 就。。。(result)
只要每天练习，就能学好汉语。
As long as you practice every day, you can learn Chinese well.
describe the size, area, weight, height, and age in numbers.
有+ Num-MP /A
The Adj. at the end generally denotes a quality, such as “大，高，长，远，重”.
Question form “有+ 多+ Adj.?”
中国大不大?有多大?
中国的国土面积有九百六十万平方公里。
Is China big? How big is it?
China’s land area is 9.6 million square kilometers.
多 to indicate an approximate number
LESS THAN 10: Num + M + 多 (+ N)
我每天睡五个多小时的觉。
I sleep more than five hours a day. (5-6)
MORE THAN 10: {十/百/千/万+多} + M + N/A
我一个星期得看十多本书。
I have to read more than ten books a week. (10-20)
HALF: # + MW + 半
今天我学了一个半小时中文。
I studied Chinese for an hour and a half today.
Include:
Include: ……，包括……，……
中国的人口，包括香港、台湾、澳门，一共有十三亿多。
China’s population, including Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau, totals more than 1.3 billion.
Call someone/something something else:
Call someone/something something else: 叫 + O1 + O2:
黄河是中华民族的摇篮，所以中国人叫她“母亲河”。
The Yellow River is the cradle of the Chinese nation, so the Chinese call it the “Mother River.”
刚才 vs. 刚:
A: 刚才: can be used as the subject in the sentence
- usually refers to a time between ½ hour and 现在 now.
- Emphasizes what happened
刚才有人给你打电话了。
Someone just called you.
B: 刚: can be used to express a short time (10 minutes ago) & things that happened many years ago.
- Emphasizes the time point (for something that just happened).
我刚开始学中文的时候。
When I first started learning Chinese.
我刚来。
I just came.
Pivotal sentences:
S + 有 + O1 (S2) + V2 O2
有学生问问题。
Some students ask questions.
有人找你。
Someone looking for you.
to say the least OR at least
少说
少说也有五六千学生。
There are at least five to six thousand students.
A little:
……+ Adj + 了 + 点儿
我的身体差了点儿
My health is a little worse
Comparison: A looks like B
Comparison: S + 像 + NP + 一样
今天天气很好，一点也不冷，像春天一样。
The weather is nice today, not cold at all, like spring.
Formal way of asking for your name: 称呼
Formal way of asking for your name: 称呼
A: 您怎么称呼?
B:我叫……。
A: What’s your name?
B:My name is….
Almost
差不多:
A 跟/和 B 差不多:
我的电脑跟你的电脑差不多.
My computer is similar to yours.
差不多 adv. Is often placed before a verb or an adj. , meaning “almost, nearly”.
昨天我差不多学了两个小时中文。
I studied Chinese for almost two hours yesterday.
A cannot be considered as B
不算太 Adj. that cannot be considered ….
最近你很忙吧? B:不算太忙。
Are you very busy recently? B: Cannot be considered too busy.
算(是)…… that can be considered ….
我这次考试算是考得很好了。
It can be considered that I did very well in this exam.
A depends on B
A depends on B: A + (得）看 + B
那也得看公司和个人的情况.
That should also depend on the company’s and individual’s situations.
And so on:
And so on: …, …, …什么的
昨天我去商场买东西。我买了水果，蔬菜，饮料什么的。
Yesterday I went to the mall to buy something. I bought fruits, vegetables, drinks and so on.
Enough
够+ V
每个月十几块钱够花吗?
Is a dozen yuan not enough?
够+ adj
每天学一个小时汉语，够长吗?
Is it long enough to study Chinese for one hour every day?
Adjacent numbers:
Adjacent numbers: #1#2 + MW
2-4: 两三个 or 三四个
200-300: 二三百个
Adverbs: 就 & 还：
Adverbs: 就 & 还：
就：
To stress a fact: 我就买这件
To stress that something happens early/quickly: 我马上就回来
Show 2 actions happened in sequence: 今天的课文我不太懂，就去问老
To show that one thing happened right after another: 我下了课就去买花儿
To indicate that something is going to happen soon: 就要下雨了
还：
To show that an action is still going on: 你明年还想学中文吗？
To include additional remarks: 大家还有问题吗？
To mean “barely”: 这个电脑还行
Indicate a higher degree: 他比哥哥还高
To show that something is unexpected: 他还画过油画呢！
把 sentence:
S + 把 + O1 + V + (在，到，给，成) + O2
S + 把 + O + V + complement：emphasize the result of an action
Simple directional complement: S + 把 + O + V + 在 + location + 来/去 (+了)
Location: S + 把 + O + V + RC(在/到)
Reduplication of verb: S + 把 + O + VV
Negative adverbs or optative verbs BEFORE 把：S + aux V + 把 + O + V + complement
