Grammar & punctuations Flashcards
What should you do when there are 2 opening phrases before the subject?
Don’t need the second comma
When to put capital letter for nouns?
Proper nouns –> capitalise
Common nouns –> lower case
what to use when we use a noun to describe another noun?
preposition
What is APPOSITIVE PHRASE?
noun (phrase) that acts like an adjective after another noun (phrase)
when to use comma like _______,________,_________?
Only use commas for appositive phrases if it is “extra” information.
If the appositive phrase helps identify the noun before it (i.e. it is “essential”) then no commas.
What to look out then using “and”?
Check if it should be a different relationship e.g. “so”.
What are determiners?
words that identify or calculate common nouns (used in front of almost all nouns unless you're talking in general about all of that kind of noun) ARTICLES: -a(n) -the POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS: -my -your -his -her -its -our -their DEMONSTRATIVES -This -That -These -Those QUANTIFIERS: -Numbers -Indefinite e.g. ---Some ---Many / much ---A few / a little
What is prepositions?
connect a noun (that’s not acting like the subject/object/complement), showing its relationship
What is non-finite verb?
not limited in time because they are not acting like verbs, but instead like nouns/adjectives/adverbs
What is the 4 uses of present simple?
- Express general truth
Ex: The sun rises in the east. - habits
Ex: I go to the gym everyday. - Last for a long time
Ex: He studies in the UK. - With non-progressive (stative verbs)
Ex: I believe that that was the one.
what are 4 functions of present continuous?
1. describe something which is happening at the exact moment of speech Ex: Bill is taking an English class at the moment.
- To describe a temporary situation
Ex: He’s staying at his friend’s house for a few weeks. - To emphasize the frequency of an action
Ex: The dog is always barking. - To describe changing situations
Ex: His grades are getting better and better.
What are 4 functions of present perfect tense?
- to express things you have or have not done in your life
Time words:never, ever, before, superlative + ever
Ex: I have never been to Spain
Have you ever been to the south of France?
I have taken an IELTS exam before.
It is the biggest burger I’ve ever seen.
- To express number of times you have done something
Time words: once, twice, thrice, or # times
Ex: I have been to the gym 2 times this week.
I have been to the shop thrice this month.
I’ve played this game 10 times.
- to describe recently completed actions which are important now/to express present result
Time words: Just, already, yet, recently, today. this week, this month, etc.
Ex: I have finished my homework, so I can go hang out with my friends.
The decision by the government is yet to be made.
I have already brushed my teeth.
I have recently completed my UCAS personal information.
He hasn’t been to the gym today because he hurt his leg.
I have just broken my phone.
- To express situations / state that started in the past and are still true
Time words: how long, for, since, ALL + time expression, lately
Ex: I have lived in the UK for 3 years. I have studied English all day. I have attended this school since 2010. How long have you stayed in this house? She has been very tired lately because she stares at her laptop screen for a long time.
How to use the longer transitions between sentences?
; transition ,
, fanboys transition,
Note: not , transition,
When using adj as.a noun what should be added?
the
When to used “;” for lists?
When the list has “and” OR “FANBOYS” OR “,”
The second, third, and fourth biggest values belonged to to basketball and baseball; swimming and dancing; and biking and hiking.
