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JLPT N4 > Grammar Part 2 > Flashcards

Grammar Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

も

A

as many as; as much as; up to; nearly~

This can only be used with something that is measurable, like a number or time.

number
time
+ counter + も

土曜日は12時間も寝てしまいました。-On Saturday I slept for nearly 12 hours.

田中さんは１日に５回も食事をするそうだ。-I heard Tanaka eats as many as 5 meals everyday.

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2
Q

な

A

don’t ~ (order somebody to not do something)

Verb (dictionary form) +な

晩ごはんの前にデザートを食べるな。-Don’t eat dessert before dinner!

ここは危ないから来るな！-It’s dangerous here, so stay away!

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3
Q

など

A

such as, things like~

Noun + など

私は小説や映画などが好きです。-I like things like novels, movies, and so on.

私はとても車などは買えない -I can’t afford to buy a car (or anything similar).

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4
Q

ながら

A

while; during; as; simultaneously

used with verbs of continuation

main verb of sentence should come after ながら

Verb ます (stem form) + ながら + [B]

話を聞きながらメモします。-I took notes while listening to the story.

歩きながら話しましょう。-Let’s talk while walking.

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5
Q

なかなか～ない

A

not easy to; struggling to; not able to~

This implies that the speaker has made an effort to do something, but cannot seem to be able to do it.

なかなか + Verb (negative form)

カゼがなかなか治らない。-I can’t seem to shake of this cold.

この会議はなかなか終わらない。-This meeting just won’t seem to end.

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6
Q

なければいけない / なければいけません

A

must do something; have to do something

Verb (ない form), drop い, add ければいけない / ければいけません

早く寝なければいけない。-I have to go to sleep early.

あなたはお昼までに宿題を終わらせなければいけない。-You need to finish your homework by noon.

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7
Q

なければならない / なければなりません

A

must do something; have to do something

Verb (ない form), drop い, add ければならない
ければなりません

薬を飲まなければなりません。-You need to take this medicine.

宿題をしなければならない。-I need to do my homework.

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8
Q

なら

A

if; in the case that~

Noun
Verb (casual form) + (の)
な-adjective + (の)
い-adjective + (の)

それなら問題ありません。-If that’s the case, then there are no problems.

日本語を習いたいのなら、いい先生を紹介してあげる。-If you want to learn Japanese I can introduce you to a good teacher.

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9
Q

なさい

A

do this (soft/firm command)

It is a soft, but firm way of issuing a command, which is often used in situations like parents asking/ordering their kids to do something.

can only be used with a positive Verb.

Verb ます (stem form) + なさい/
な (conversation)

まず、質問に答えなさい。-First, answer my question.

野菜は体にいいからもっと食べなさい！-Vegetables are good for your body, so eat up.

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10
Q

なさる

A

to do (honorific)

する (changes to) なさる
します (changes to) なさいます
して (changes to) なさって

それからどうなさいました？-What happened after that?

お飲み物は何になさいますか？-What would you like to drink?

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11
Q

に気がつく

A

to notice; to realize

Verb (casual)/Noun + こと+ に気がつく/
に気がついた

電車の中にカサを忘れたことに気がついた。-I realized I had left my umbrella inside the train.

私はタクシーを降る時、財布がないことに気がついた。-When I got out of the taxi, I realized I didn’t have my wallet.

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12
Q

にみえる

A

to look; to seem; to appear

Verb (て form)
Noun
な-adjective
い-adjective + drop い, addく

同じに見える。-They look the same.

彼はアメリカ人に見える。-He looks like he is American.

その人はとてもお金持ちにみえる。-That person appears to be very rich.

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13
Q

にする

A

to make something ~

な-adjective, minus な + にする
にします
にして
にした

もう少し、静かにしてください。-Please be a bit more quiet.

この写真を大切にする。-I will treasure this picture.

歯科医は私の歯をきれいにした。-The dentist cleaned my teeth.

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14
Q

にくい

A

difficult to do ~

Verb ます (stem form) + にくい

この質問には答えにくいです。-This question is difficult to answer.

この本は字が小さくて読みにくいです。-This books print is too small, it’s difficult to read.

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15
Q

の中で

A

in; among ~

Noun + の中で

心の中ではこれを分かっていた。-I know this in my heart.

病院の中で、待ちますか。-Will you wait inside the hospital?

私は季節の中で秋が好きです。-Out of all the seasons, I like autumn.

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16
Q

のに

A

although, in spite of, even though ~

used to express the speaker’s feelings of surprise or regret, dissatisfaction, reproach

cannot be followed by statements expressing intention or inducement

Verb (casual form) Noun + な
な-adjective + な
い-adjective

まだ20時なのに、とても眠い。-I’m really tired even though it’s still only 8PM.

なぜ、彼らは冬なのに泳ぐのでしょうか？ -Why will they swim even though it’s winter?

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17
Q

のに

A

to (do something); in order to ~

Verb (dictionary form) + のに

始めるのに遅すぎることはない。-It’s never too late to start.

家に帰るのに3時間かかりました。-It took 3 hours to return home.

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18
Q

のは〜だ

A

[A] is [B]; the reason for [A] is [B]

Verb (casual)
Noun + な
な-adjective + な
い-adjective

+ のは + ～だ/～です

私が生まれたのは北海道の小さな村です。-I was born in a small village in Hokkaido.

このメンバーの中に独身なのは田中さんだけです。-From these members, the only one who is single is Tanaka.

19
Q

お～ください

A

please do (honorific)

お + Verb (ます stem)
お/ご + Noun (action)

ここでお待ちください。-Please wait here.

ここにお名前をお書きください。-Please write your name here.

20
Q

お～になる

A

to do (honorific)

お + Verb ます (stem form)
お/ご + Noun

何をお飲みになりますか。-What would you like to have to drink?

お座りになりませんか。-Do you want to sit down?

21
Q

おきに

A

repeated at intervals, every ~

Noun (measurable) + おきに

電車は5分おきに走っています。-The trains run every five minutes.

このバスは15分おきに出ている -This bus leaves every 15 minutes.

22
Q

終わるられる

A

to finish; to end~

Verb ます (stem form) + 終わる / 終わらない / 終わった, etc

みんなが朝食を食べ終わるまで待ちましょう。-Let’s wait until everyone has finished eating breakfast.

仕事をし終わったらすぐ行く。-I’ll go/come as soon as I finish work.

23
Q

らしい

A

it seems like; I heard; apparently ~

passing on to another person info obtained from someone else, judgements based on a situation

used when the source of info/details are less clear than with ～そうです

Verb (casual form)
Noun
な-adjective
い-adjective

+らしい
らしく
らしくない

雨らしい。-It looks like rain / looks like it’s gonna rain.

女らしい。-Womanly; feminine (like a woman)

学生らしくもっと勉強しなさい。-Study more like a real student.

24
Q

さ

A

-ness​ ; nominalizer for adjective

な-adjective
い-adjective, minus い

背の高さはどれぐらいですか？-How tall are you?

私は、ワサビの辛さが大好きです。-I love the spiciness of wasabi.

25
Q

さっき

A

some time ago; just now

さっきまで天気がよかったですが、今は大雨です。-The weather was fine just a moment ago, but now there’s heavy rain.

さっき起きたばかりで、まだ眠いです。-I just woke up, but am still sleepy.

26
Q

させてください

A

please let me do

Verb (causative て form)

質問させてください。-Please allow me to ask you a question.

私のことをあなたに話させてください。-Please let me tell you about myself.

27
Q

さすが

A

as one would expect; as is to be expected; even ~

さすが + の +Noun / に + Verb

私はさすがにビックリした。-I was really surprised.

さすがにこういうところには住みたくないな。-Just as I thought, I don’t want to live in this kind of place.

28
Q

し

A

and; and what’s more ~ (emphasis)

Verb (casual)
Noun + だ
な-adjective + だ
い-adjective

  1. Say “and” to list multiple verbs, nouns, or adjectives.
  2. To list 2 different things to highlight the contrast.
  3. To give a reason leading to a conclusion.
  4. To emphasize your point as a sentence ending particle.

このコートは色がきれいだし、好きなデザインだし。買いたいですよ。-This coat has a beautiful color, and I like the design, I really want to buy it.

友だちと遊びたいし、宿題はしなくてはいけないし、どうしよう。-I want to hang out with my friends, but I need to do my homework.. What should I do!?

29
Q

そんなに

A

so much; so; like that

そんなに + Verb/
な-adjective / い-adjective

昨日はそんなに忙しくなかった。-Yesterday was not so busy.

日本語はそんなに難しくないよ。-Japanese is not that difficult.

そんなにがっかりするな。もう一度やり直しなさい。-Don’t be so disappointed. Try again one more time.

30
Q

それでも

A

but still; and yet; even so ~

Phrase 1, それでも, Phrase 2

それでもいいですか？-Is that still OK with you?

外は大雨だ。それでも出かけないといけない。-There’s heavy rain outside, but even so I still need to head out.

それでもあなたのことが好き。-I still love you anyway.

31
Q

それに

A

besides; in addition; also; moreover ~

チーズバーガー、それにフライドポテトをお願いします。-I’d like a cheeseburger and fries please.

このアニメはとても人気がある。それに、音楽がいい。-This anime is very popular. In addition, it has good music.

32
Q

そうだ (1)

A

I heard that; it is said that~

Verb (casual form)
Noun + だ
な-adjective + だ
い-adjective

彼は仕事をやめるそうだ。-I heard that he will be quitting his job.

彼は金持ちだそうだ。-He is said to be rich.

33
Q

そうだ (2)

A

looks like; appears like; seeming ~

Verb ます (stem form)
な-adjective
い-adjective, minus い

その人は倒れそうです。-That person looks like they’re about to fall over.

そろそろ雨がやみそうなので、もう少し待ちましょう。-It seems like the rain is going to stop soon, so let’s wait a little bit more.

34
Q

そうに / そうな

A

seems like; looks like ~

Verb ます (stem form) Noun/Verb
Noun/Verb
な-adjective + だ
い-adjective , minus い

楽しそうに見える。-You look like you are having fun.

彼は忙しそうに見えます。-He looks busy.

彼女は楽しそうな人です。-She seems like a very fun person.

35
Q

たばかり

A

just finished; something just occurred

Verb (た form)

ゲーム終わったばかりだよ！-The game just ended!

今、始まったばかりです。-It’s only just started now.

私は今起きたばかりです。-I’ve only just woken up.

36
Q

たところ

A

just finished doing, was just doing

Verb (た form)

今起きたところです。-I just woke up.

昼ごはんを食べたところです。-I was just eating lunch.

37
Q

たがる

A

wants to do~ (third person)

Verb たい, minus い + がる / がっている / がった / がらない

友達が留学したがる。-My friend wants to study abroad (in general).

友達が留学したがっている。-My friend is wanting to study abroad.

その子が家に帰りたがっている。-That kid seems like he wants to go home.

38
Q

たら

A

if; after; when ~

can use with intentions and inducement, often used with もし

Verb (た form)
Noun + だった
な-adjective + だった
い-adjective, minus い, + かった

+ら

時間がなかったら、テレビを見ません。-If I had no time, I wouldn’t watch any TV.

安かったら、パソコンを買いたいです。-If it’s cheap, I’d like to buy a computer.

39
Q

たらどう

A

why don’t you (used to give advice)

Verb (た form) + らどう

一緒に来たらどうですか？-How about coming together with us?

先生に聞いてみたらどうですか？-Why don’t you try asking the teacher?

40
Q

たらいいですか

A

what should I do?; speaker seeking instructions from listener

Verb (た form) + らいいですか

どこに行ったらいいですか。-Where should I go?

何を食べたらいいですか。-What should I eat?

41
Q

て / で

A

conjunctive particle; so; because of [A], [B]…

Verb (て form)
Noun +で (usually bad things)
な-adjective + で
い-adjective , minus い, + くて

最近は忙しくてあまり運動をしていない。-Lately, I’ve been busy and so I haven’t been working out.

自転車のカギをなくして、家まで歩いて帰った。-I lost the key to my bicycle, so I walked home.

42
Q

てあげる

A

to do for; to do a favor

say you are doing/did something for someone.
say someone is doing/did a favor for someone else.

The recipient of the favor should be followed with the に particle.

Verb (て form) あげる
あげた
あげない
あげます

母にセーターを買ってあげた。-I bought my mother a sweater.

車に君を乗せてあげる。-I’ll give you a ride (by car).

43
Q

てほしい

A

I want you to; need you to

Verb (て form)
Verb (ないで form)

日本語を教えてほしいです。-I want you to teach me Japanese.

あなたに見てほしい写真を持っています。-I have a picture I want you to see.

44
Q

ていく

A

to start; to continue; to go on

This is used after a verb to express a continued change in state, usually for something that moves away from the speaker (not necessarily a physical movement), or away from another person’s viewpoint.

Verb (て form) いく
いきます
いった
いきました

彼は毎日駅まで歩いていきます。-He walks to the station every day.

何も言わずに部屋を出ていきました。-I left the room without saying anything.

JLPT N4 (13 decks)

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