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JLPT N4 > Grammar > Flashcards

Grammar Flashcards

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1
Q

間（あいだ）

A

while, during, between

verb (plain) /noun の

電車に乗っている間、ずっと本を読んでいました。-I read a book the entire time I was on the train.

名古屋は東京と大阪の間にあります。-Nagoya is in between Tokyo and Osaka.

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2
Q

間に（あいだに）

A

while; during (the time when; between

Verb (casual, non-past)
Noun + の
い-adjective + い
な-adjective + な

待っている間に本を読んだ。-I read a book while I waited.

寝ている間に夢を見ました。-I had a dream while I was sleeping.

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3
Q

あまり～ない

A

not very, not much, not many

い-adj, drop い, addくない
な-adjective , drop な, add じゃない
verb ない

Ex: 私はあまり運動しない. -I don’t really exercise.

日本語があまり分からない。-I don’t really understand Japanese.

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4
Q

後で（あとで）

A

after, later

Verb (た form)
Noun + の

Ex: 授業が終わった後で、部活にいく。-After classes finish, I will go to my club activities.

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5
Q

ば/なら

A

conditional form, if (A), then (B)

if … happens, then …
will result
cannot be followed by statements expressing intention of the speaker or of inducement

sometimes used with もし

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6
Q

場合は（ばあいは）

A

in the event of; in the case that

Verb (casual)
Noun + の
な-adjective + な
い-adjective + い

Ex: 火事の場合は、１１９をかけます。-In the case of a fire, call 119.

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7
Q

ばかり

A

only; nothing but

Noun
Verb (て form)

Ex: 娘はテレビばかり見ている。- My daughter does nothing but watch TV.

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8
Q

だけで

A

just by; just by doing

Verb (casual)
Noun

彼女のことを思うだけでドキドキする。-I get worked up just thinking about her.

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9
Q

出す（だす）

A

to begin to; to start to; to burst into; … out (e.g. to jump out, to carry out

ます form, drop ます

Ex: 雨が急に降り出した。-It suddenly started raining.

彼は店から飛び出した。- He dashed out of the store.

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10
Q

でございます

A

to be (honorific)

です -> でございます
ではありません -> でございません

Ex: お釣でございます。-Here is your change.

初めまして、経理部の佐藤でございます。-Nice to meet you, I am Satou from accounting.

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11
Q

でも

A

… or something; how about~

Ex: 水でも飲みますか？-Would you care for some water or something to drink?

牛丼でもしましょうか？-Shall we go with something like the beef bowl?

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12
Q

ではないか / ではありませんか

A

right?; isn’t it?

何ときれいではないか。-How pretty!

すばらしい天気ではないか. -What wonderful weather we’re having, eh?

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13
Q

が必要（がひつよう）

A

need; necessary

Noun + が必要 / は必要

Verb (こと) form

Ex: サッカーを練習する場所が必要です。-I need a place to practice soccer.

サインは必要ですか？-Is a signature required?

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14
Q

がする

A

to smell; hear; taste

このピザは変な味がします。-this pizza tastes weird.

このカレーは本当にいい匂いがする。-This curry smells really good.

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15
Q

がり

A

someone tends to; has a tendency to; has a sensitivity to~

い-adjective, minusい
な-adjective, minus な

寒がり -someone who is sensitive to the cold.

怖がり -scaredy cat; someone who is easily scared

彼女は怖がりだからホラー映画はダメだ。-My girlfriend gets scared easily so horror movies are out of the question.

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16
Q

がる・がっている

A

to show signs of; to appear; to feel, to think ~

expresses the wishes or emotions of a third party

がる: used to describe a general trend rather than a situation at hand

ほしがる – to want, express a strong desire or want for something.

Ex: 彼は死ぬのを怖がっている。-He is afraid of death.

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17
Q

ございます

A

to be, to exist (the polite form of いる/ある)

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18
Q

始める（はじめる）

A

to start; to begin to~

Verb: ます stem

Ex: いつそれをはり始めるの？-When are you starting that?

今朝、歯が痛くなり始めた。-My tooth started hurting this morning.

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19
Q

はずだ / はずです

A

it must be; it should be (expectation)

objectively grounded statement you are confident of

Verb (dictionary form)
Noun + の
な-adjective + な
い-adjective + い

Ex: 彼は今学校にいるはずだ。-He should be in school right now.

お父さんがそろそろ家に帰るはずだ。-Father should be returning home anytime now.

20
Q

はずがない

A

cannot be (impossible)

Verb (dictionary form)
Noun の
な-adjective + な
い-adjective + い

Ex: 彼はそんなことを言うはずがない。-He would never say such a thing.

そんな大きな量を全部食べられるはずがない。-There’s no way you’re going to be able to eat all of that.

21
Q

必要がある（ひつようがある）

A

need to; it is necessary to

Verb (dictionary form)

私の弟は今日学校に行く必要がない。-My younger brother doesn’t need to go to school today.

医者は彼にタバコをやめる必要があると言った。-The doctor told him that he needs to quit smoking.

22
Q

意向系（いこうけい）

A

volitional form​; let’s do~/shall

23
Q

いらっしゃる

A

to be; to come; to go (polite version)

いる, 来る, 行く (changes to)
Verb (て form)

先生はあなたを信じていらっしゃる。-Our teacher believes in you.

先生、何時まで学校にいらっしゃいますか。-Teacher, until what time will you remain at school?

24
Q

いたします

A

to do (polite form of する)

25
Q

じゃないか

A

right? isn’t it? let’s~; confirmation; shall we?

だから言ったじゃないか！-I told you so! (didn’t I?)

今夜外食しようじゃないか。-Let’s go out for dinner tonight, shall we?

26
Q

かどうか/ か

A

whether or not; or not; nothing; if, how, who

Verb (casual form)
Noun
な-adjective
い-adjective + い

if a question word is used, just add か

行くかどうか後で電話で知らせます。-I’ll let you know later by phone if I’m going or not.

それが正しいかどうかわからない。-I’m not sure if that is correct or not.

27
Q

かしら

A

I wonder~

彼は本気かしら。-I wonder if he is serious.

明日は晴れるかしら。- I wonder if it will clear up tomorrow.

28
Q

かい

A

turns a sentence into a yes/no question

This is more casual Japanese and is most often used with children or with girlfriends.

話してくれるかい？いったい何があったんだ？-Will you tell me the story? What happened?

それで、学校はどうだった？友達はできたかい？- So, how did you like school? Have you made any friends?

29
Q

かもしれない/ かも/

かもしれません

A

might; perhaps; indicates possibility

Verb (casual form)
Noun
な-adjective
い-adjective

午後から雨が降るかもしれない。-It might start raining in the afternoon.

到着が遅くなるかもしれません。 -My arrival might be a bit delayed.

30
Q

かな

A

I wonder; should I?

Verb (dictionary form)
Noun
な-adjective
い-adjective + い

そろそろ勉強しようかな。-I guess I should start studying now.

一緒に映画を見るのはどうかな？-What do you think about going to see a movie together?

31
Q

から作る（からつくる）
作られる (passive form)
作られている

A

made from; made with

Noun + から
Noun + で

この机は木で作られています。-This desk was made from wood.

チーズは牛乳から作られますか？-Can you make cheese from milk?

32
Q

きっと

A

surely; undoubtedly; almost certainly; most likely

きっと + event/action

明日は、きっと晴れるでしょう。-It will most likely be sunny tomorrow.

あの人は見たことないから、きっと新しい学生だ。-I’ve never seen that person before, so they’re most likely a new student.

33
Q

頃（ころ・ごろ）

A

around; about; when

Noun (time)
Verb (casual)
Noun + の
Adjective

夕食は何時ごろになさいますか？-At what time will you be expecting dinner?

夜の八時ごろ、うちに来てもらえるか？-Can you come by my place around 8?

私は若いころ初めての一人旅をしました。-I traveled alone for the first time when I was young.

34
Q

ことがある

A

there are times when, sometimes

used when you wish to say that something unusual may happen. Not used with things that happen very frequently.

たまに彼女と一緒にテニスをしに行くことがある。-Sometimes I go to play tennis with my girlfriend.

私は会議中でも、寝てしまうことがある。-Sometimes I fall asleep during meetings.

35
Q

ことができる

A

can; able to

slightly more formal pattern than られます

Verb (dictionary form): ことができる
ことができない
ことができます
ことができません

私は日本語を話すことができる。-I can speak Japanese.

彼女は歌うことができる。-She can sing.

36
Q

ことになる

A

It has been decided that..; it turns out that..
(it will be, it has been)

expresses a decision in some manner, regardless of the speaker’s personal volition

also used when the decision is made by the speaker, but they don’t want to say that directly

Verb (dictionary form)
Verb (ない form)

入学式は4月1日に行うことになりました。-The entrance ceremony will be held on April 1st.

大阪に転勤することになりました。-It’s been decided that I’ll be transferring to Osaka for work.

37
Q

ことにする

A

to decide on
(I’ve decided to…)

decision based on the speaker’s personal volition, implies positive attitude

Verb (dictionary form)
Verb )ない form)

これから毎日ランニングをすることにする。-I’ve decided to go running every day from now on.

タバコをやめることにした。-I’ve decided to quit smoking.

38
Q

くする

A

to make something ~
make a change to a thing or situation

い-adjective , minus い + くする/ します/くして

音楽でもっと良くする。-Make it better with music.

彼女は声を大きくした。-She raised her voice.

39
Q

急に（きゅうに）

A

quickly; immediately; hastily; suddenly; abruptly; unexpectedly~

急に雨が降り始めました。-It suddenly started raining.

今日は急に涼しくなった。-It suddenly got a bit cooler today.

40
Q

まで/までに

A

by; by the time; indicates time limit; before; until

まで: phrase expressing a continuous action, behavior, or state follows

までに: followed by a phrase expressing an action of short duration

Verb (dictionary form)
Noun

飛行機の出発時間までここで持っています。-Please wait here until the plane’s departure time.

8時までに来てください。-Please come by no later than 8AM.

41
Q

まま

A

as it is; current state; without changing~

expresses a state that is continuous and has not changed

often used when the speaker feels the situation is undesirable because no change has occurred

Noun + の	
Verb (た form)
Verb (ない form)
な-adjective + な
い-adjective + い

この町は昔のまま変わっていない。-This town hasn’t changed at all.

どうぞ靴のまま、お入りください。-Please enter with your shoes on.

42
Q

または

A

either/or; both; or; otherwise​; choice between [A] or [B]

Noun-1 又は / または Noun-2

コーヒーまたはお茶からお選びください. -Please choose from either coffee or tea.

日本語または英語で話せます。-I can speak both Japanese and English.

43
Q

みたい (だ)

A

like, similar to, resembling

Verb (casual)
Noun + （だった）
な-adjective + （だった）
い-adjective

夢みたいだ。-It’s like a dream come true.

外は、夏みたいだよ。-It’s like summer outside.

44
Q

みたいな

A

like, similar to~

Noun
Verb (casual form)
+ みたいな + Noun

私は、今日みたいな日が好きだ。-I like days like today.

あなたみたいな人はすごいと思う。-I think people like you are great.

45
Q

みたいに

A

like; similar to~

Verb (casual)
Noun
+ みたいに + Verb / Adjective

私はお母さんみたいになりたい。-I want to become like my mother.

あなたみたいに美しい人は初めてだ。-I’ve never seen anyone as beautiful as you.

JLPT N4 (13 decks)

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