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Grammar 1 > Grammar one, chapter two word classes 2 > Flashcards

Grammar one, chapter two word classes 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Can genitives be independent or dependent?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What does a dependent genitive funcion as?

A

A possessive determiner
compare; the student`s essay (dep.genitive)
his essay (possessive determiner)

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3
Q

What is an independent genitive not dependent on?

A

A following noun. The noun may be omitted because it can be understood from the context: Your ideas are more acceptable than Sandra`s (Sandras ideas)

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4
Q

The independent genitive is also used to refer to places

A

The party is at Alan`s tonight

Shes gone to the hairdressers

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5
Q

May the independent genitive combine with the of-structure?

A

Yes; a friend of martha`s

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6
Q

Name some verb suffixes

A
  • ate
  • iate
  • en
  • ify-fy
  • ise, ize
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7
Q

Name the 4 forms that regular verbs have

A

base form: the one found in dictionaries, (laugh, mention)
-s form: addition of -s to base form verbs: laughs, mentions
-Ing form: additio of ing forms to verbs: lauhing, mentioning
-ed form: (past or -ed participle)
The -ed form adds an -ed ending to the base form: lauged, mentioned

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8
Q

Whaare the three principal parts of the verb?

A
  1. the past and -ed participles are identical
  2. the base vowel is the same in the two other principal parts.
  3. the past and -ed pariciple have inflectional endings.
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9
Q

What is meant by the word inflection?

A

a change in or addition to the form of a word that shows a change in the way it is used in sentences:
If you add the plural inflection “-s” to “dog” you get “dogs”.

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10
Q

What are the primary auxiliary verbs?

A

Be, have, do

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11
Q

What are the modal verbs?

A

can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, migh, must

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12
Q

What are the semi-auxiliaries?

A

have to, going to, had better, ought to

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13
Q

What do we use primary be for?

What is passive auxiliary followed by?

A

To form passive sentences; the region was devastated by a tsunami.
It is followed by -ed participle of a verb

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14
Q

What do we use the progressive auxiliary for?

A

To form progressive aspect: The baby is sleeping
I was waiting for the train.
The progressive is followed by the ing- form of the verb

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15
Q

What do we use have for?

A

To form perfect aspect.
The company has donated millions of dollars
We have given him every chance.
It is always followed by -ed participle of a verb

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16
Q

When is the auxiliary do introduced?

A

It is introduced as the dummy operator when no other auxiliary verb is present.

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17
Q

What are the present modals:

A

can, may, will, shall, must

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18
Q

what are the past modals;

A

could, might, would, should

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19
Q

What meaning does the modals express?

A

1.Human control over events; such as is involved in permission, intention, ability or obligation: You may leave now, I could speak
2.Judgment wheter an event was, is, or will likely to happen.
They may be away for the weekend
That could be your mother

20
Q

What are the adjective suffixes?

A

-able, -ible, -al, -ial, -ed, -ful, -ic, -ical, -ish, -ive, -ative, -less, -ous,-eous, ious, -y

21
Q

what are the three adjective classes we can divide them into according to their function.

A

a pre-modifier of a noun
a subject complement
an object complement

22
Q

When are adjectives attributive?

A

When they are being used as pre-modifiers

23
Q

When are adjectives predicative (part of predicate)

A

when they are being used as either subject complement, or as object complement

24
Q

What are central adjectives?

A

adjectives that can be used in all three functions

25
Q

what does it mean that an adjective is gradeable?

A

We can arrange them on a scale of comparison. So we can say that something is a bit ho, somewhat hot, quite hot. we can also compare things and say that somethin is hotter than something else.

26
Q

What do we use intensifiers for? Give examples

A

To indicate the point on the scale. The most common intensifier of adjectives is the adverb very, others are;
fairly warm, pretty difficult, rather dark, entirely diffrent, incredibly dull, too old.

27
Q

What are the three degrees of comparison?

A

Higher: ann is cleverer than Michael
same; ann is as clever as Michael
lower; Ann is less clever thatn Michael

28
Q

How are higher degrees of comparison expressed?

A

Either trugh inflections -er and -est through the pre-modifiers more and most.
Inflection: absolute (clever) comparative(cleverer) superlative( cleverest)
PRE-MODIFIER: absolute (clever) comparative (more clever) superlative ( most clever)

29
Q

What very common adjectives have irregular inflections?

A

absolute (good) comparative(better) superlative(best)

30
Q

What are adverb suffixes?

A

The suffix -ly is commonly added to adkjectives to make adverbs. The suffix -wise is added to nouns to make adverbs.
A lot of adverbs do not have suffixes: Like time adverbs (now, today, yesterday, tomorrow) and space adverbs; here, there, outside, inside)

31
Q

Can adverbs be gradeable

A

Yes

32
Q

Give examples of adverbs being modified by intensifiers and take comparison

A

quite calmly, very calmly, less calmly, most calmly

33
Q

what pre-modifiers can adverbs that take comparison require?

A

more and most

34
Q

adverbs that have the same form as adjectives have inflections of what?

A

late-later-latest

35
Q

What are pronouns?

A

A special type of nouns and are the main word in a noun phrase or more (usually) the only word in a noun phrase

36
Q

What does personal pronouns do?

A

They represent spesific people or things like I, me, you, us, she, her, him, they, them

37
Q

Name possessive pronouns

A

show ownership like my,mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, your

38
Q

what does interrogative pronouns do?

A

They ask questions like; who, what, which , whom, whose?

39
Q

what does indefinitie pronouns do?

A

Refer to something unspesified like; anything, nobody, someone, something, many, several, all, most, none, some

40
Q

what does pronouns do?

A

Take the place of nouns

41
Q

What are reflexive pronouns?

A

Those ending in self; myself, himself ….

42
Q

what are the demonstrative pronouns?

A

this, these, that, those

43
Q

what are the reciprocal pronouns?

A

each other, one another

44
Q

what are the relative pronouns?

A

which, who, taht

45
Q

what are the pronoun one?

A

one, ones,

46
Q

What classes makes distinction in person (first, second, third) and gender (masculine, feminine) and number (singular, plural)

A

personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns.

Grammar 1 (5 decks)

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