Grammar one, chapter two word classes 2

Question 1

Can genitives be independent or dependent?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What does a dependent genitive funcion as?

Answer 2

A possessive determiner
compare; the student`s essay (dep.genitive)
his essay (possessive determiner)

Question 3

What is an independent genitive not dependent on?

Answer 3

A following noun. The noun may be omitted because it can be understood from the context: Your ideas are more acceptable than Sandra`s (Sandras ideas)

Question 4

The independent genitive is also used to refer to places

Answer 4

The party is at Alan`s tonight

Shes gone to the hairdressers

Question 5

May the independent genitive combine with the of-structure?

Answer 5

Yes; a friend of martha`s

Question 6

Name some verb suffixes

Answer 6

• ate
• iate
• en
• ify-fy
• ise, ize

Question 7

Name the 4 forms that regular verbs have

Answer 7

base form: the one found in dictionaries, (laugh, mention)
-s form: addition of -s to base form verbs: laughs, mentions
-Ing form: additio of ing forms to verbs: lauhing, mentioning
-ed form: (past or -ed participle)
The -ed form adds an -ed ending to the base form: lauged, mentioned

Question 8

Whaare the three principal parts of the verb?

Answer 8

1. the past and -ed participles are identical
2. the base vowel is the same in the two other principal parts.
3. the past and -ed pariciple have inflectional endings.

Question 9

What is meant by the word inflection?

Answer 9

a change in or addition to the form of a word that shows a change in the way it is used in sentences:
If you add the plural inflection “-s” to “dog” you get “dogs”.

Question 10

What are the primary auxiliary verbs?

Answer 10

Be, have, do

Question 11

What are the modal verbs?

Answer 11

can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, migh, must

Question 12

What are the semi-auxiliaries?

Answer 12

have to, going to, had better, ought to

Question 13

What do we use primary be for?

What is passive auxiliary followed by?

Answer 13

To form passive sentences; the region was devastated by a tsunami.
It is followed by -ed participle of a verb

Question 14

What do we use the progressive auxiliary for?

Answer 14

To form progressive aspect: The baby is sleeping
I was waiting for the train.
The progressive is followed by the ing- form of the verb

Question 15

What do we use have for?

Answer 15

To form perfect aspect.
The company has donated millions of dollars
We have given him every chance.
It is always followed by -ed participle of a verb

Question 16

When is the auxiliary do introduced?

Answer 16

It is introduced as the dummy operator when no other auxiliary verb is present.

Question 17

What are the present modals:

Answer 17

can, may, will, shall, must

Question 18

what are the past modals;

Answer 18

could, might, would, should

Question 19

What meaning does the modals express?

Answer 19

1.Human control over events; such as is involved in permission, intention, ability or obligation: You may leave now, I could speak
2.Judgment wheter an event was, is, or will likely to happen.
They may be away for the weekend
That could be your mother

Question 20

What are the adjective suffixes?

Answer 20

-able, -ible, -al, -ial, -ed, -ful, -ic, -ical, -ish, -ive, -ative, -less, -ous,-eous, ious, -y

Question 21

what are the three adjective classes we can divide them into according to their function.

Answer 21

a pre-modifier of a noun
a subject complement
an object complement

Question 22

When are adjectives attributive?

Answer 22

When they are being used as pre-modifiers

Question 23

When are adjectives predicative (part of predicate)

Answer 23

when they are being used as either subject complement, or as object complement

Question 24

What are central adjectives?

Answer 24

adjectives that can be used in all three functions

Question 25

what does it mean that an adjective is gradeable?

Answer 25

We can arrange them on a scale of comparison. So we can say that something is a bit ho, somewhat hot, quite hot. we can also compare things and say that somethin is hotter than something else.

Question 26

What do we use intensifiers for? Give examples

Answer 26

To indicate the point on the scale. The most common intensifier of adjectives is the adverb very, others are; fairly warm, pretty difficult, rather dark, entirely diffrent, incredibly dull, too old.

Question 27

What are the three degrees of comparison?

Answer 27

Higher: ann is cleverer than Michael same; ann is as clever as Michael lower; Ann is less clever thatn Michael

Question 28

How are higher degrees of comparison expressed?

Answer 28

Either trugh inflections -er and -est through the pre-modifiers more and most. Inflection: absolute (clever) comparative(cleverer) superlative( cleverest) PRE-MODIFIER: absolute (clever) comparative (more clever) superlative ( most clever)

Question 29

What very common adjectives have irregular inflections?

Answer 29

absolute (good) comparative(better) superlative(best)

Question 30

What are adverb suffixes?

Answer 30

The suffix -ly is commonly added to adkjectives to make adverbs. The suffix -wise is added to nouns to make adverbs. A lot of adverbs do not have suffixes: Like time adverbs (now, today, yesterday, tomorrow) and space adverbs; here, there, outside, inside)

Question 31

Can adverbs be gradeable

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

Give examples of adverbs being modified by intensifiers and take comparison

Answer 32

quite calmly, very calmly, less calmly, most calmly

Question 33

what pre-modifiers can adverbs that take comparison require?

Answer 33

more and most

Question 34

adverbs that have the same form as adjectives have inflections of what?

Answer 34

late-later-latest

Question 35

What are pronouns?

Answer 35

A special type of nouns and are the main word in a noun phrase or more (usually) the only word in a noun phrase

Question 36

What does personal pronouns do?

Answer 36

They represent spesific people or things like I, me, you, us, she, her, him, they, them

Question 37

Name possessive pronouns

Answer 37

show ownership like my,mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, your

Question 38

what does interrogative pronouns do?

Answer 38

They ask questions like; who, what, which , whom, whose?

Question 39

what does indefinitie pronouns do?

Answer 39

Refer to something unspesified like; anything, nobody, someone, something, many, several, all, most, none, some

Question 40

what does pronouns do?

Answer 40

Take the place of nouns

Question 41

What are reflexive pronouns?

Answer 41

Those ending in self; myself, himself ....

Question 42

what are the demonstrative pronouns?

Answer 42

this, these, that, those

Question 43

what are the reciprocal pronouns?

Answer 43

each other, one another

Question 44

what are the relative pronouns?

Answer 44

which, who, taht

Question 45

what are the pronoun one?

Answer 45

one, ones,

Question 46

What classes makes distinction in person (first, second, third) and gender (masculine, feminine) and number (singular, plural)

Answer 46

personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns.