Grammar flashcards

Question

What is a prepositional phrase and what do they indicate +examples of prepositions also, when is a comma needed with a prepositional phrase?

Answer 1

a phrase that start with a proposition(in, at , behind, until, after) but lacks a subject and verb. e.g. for dinner, in the library, until night time -can be at any point in the sentence! commas rules: Use a comma after a long introductory prepositional phrase ✔ Use commas if the phrase interrupts the sentence ✔ No comma if the phrase ends the sentence (unless needed for clarity)

Answer 2

if they are 4+ words long, necessary for clarity, or if it is an introductory phrase

Answer 3

a noun that is the purpose of the sentence or the noun that receives the verb, while the subject is the noun that performs the verb

Answer 4

a phrase that lacks the necessary components of a sentence and/or does not express a complete though or idea sentence 1: showed no improvement in math--> there is no subject sentence two: study skills that I use--- subject, no predicate. since that is used every word after is considered description and is not counted as the verb the subject performs ( the subject is study skills) * in this sentence "that" is a relative pronoun.) which introduces a dependent clause and refers to a noun

Answer 5

a misplaced modifier is ambiguously or illogically modifying a word a dangling modifier is when a modifier is not modifying a specific word or clause! - in this sentence, a misplaced modifier is used because you don't know if "using" applies to Daphne or the EIU academic challenge

Answer 6

dangling modifier because the clause does not modify a specific word or phrase - it is not modifying the subject, but rather the park, because modifiers modify the noun closest to it.

Answer 7

a word, phrase, or clause that modifies or gives information about another word in the same sentence adjectives are modifies for a noun, adverbs are modifiers for a phrase/clause or a verb/adverb, APPOSITIVES ARE MODIFIERS FOR CLAUSES

Answer 8

articles are a, an, or the - they specify if a noun is general or specific (indefinite vs definition) -a/an are indefinite, the is definite!

Answer 9

- if hte subject of hte sentence is composed of 2+ singular nouns or pronouns connected by and, use a plural verb ( e.g. are vs is) -if the

Answer 10

the highest degree of an adjective e.g. deepest, highest, greatest

Answer 11

This is the base form of the adjective, used when no comparison is made. Example: This house is big. She is smart.

Answer 12

Comparative Degree Used to compare two things, usually formed by adding "-er" to short adjectives or using "more" with longer adjectives. Example: This house is bigger than that one. She is more intelligent than her brother

Answer 13

join two parts of a setnence of equal important and grammatical structure. For example two nouns, adverbs, verb phrases, or adjective phrases. I jumped for joy! I ran and jumped I like pizza and ice cream! FANBOYS ( for and nor but or yet so)!

Answer 14

coordinating conjunctions (for and but yet so)

Answer 15

subordinating conjunctions connect a depnendent clause and an independent clause - indicate time, cause, contrast, etc. examples: she left her before I arrived I before is the conjunction, indicates time) although he was tired, he kept working (contrast, although si the subordinating conjunction) common ones: because, since, although, when, if, before, unless, while

Answer 16

correlative conjunction (come in pairs and link similar parts of a sentence)

Answer 17

subordinating conjunction because i went to the gym is independent and "because " makes " I felt like working out" dependent. - indicates a cause-and-effect relationship ( or in this case, effect-cause)

Answer 18

subordinating conjunction ( she left=independent, before I arrived= dependent) indicates time

Answer 19

come in pairs and link similar parts of a sentence common pairs: either... or, neither... nor, both... and, not only.. .but also, whether... or

Answer 20

correlative

Answer 21

correlative conjunction (USING CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION PAIRS MEANS YOU DO NOT HAVE TO USE A COMMA! only use a comma for emphasis)

Answer 22

pronoun clarity, because PRONOUNS SHOULD ALWAYS CLEARLY REFER TO ONE SUBJECT IN A SENTENCE she was talking to the principal, and she said the principal was mean

Answer 23

when it is the subject/ who is doing the action

Answer 24

when it is the object ( the person receiving the action)

Answer 25

who, because the subject is performing the action

Answer 26

2+ adjectives that describe different aspects of the same noun and can be rearranged in any way. you must use a comma after each one of these EXCEPT THE ONE CLOSEST TO WHAT THE ADJECTIVES ARE DESCRIBING

Answer 27

the part of hte sentence after the subject+verb/independent clause - can be a dependent clause

Answer 28

an identifier or explainer to the noun or pronoun after it ( can be an adjective, adverb, or dependent clause)

Answer 29

NEVER onoly BEFORE, linking an independent clause and a dependent clause (e.g. I sat, but then I fell)

Answer 30

between items and at the end of a series example: I bought milk, eggs, and sugar. (correct) I bought, milk, eggs, and sugar. (incorrect)

Answer 31

when they are not interchangeable/coordinate example: I had a sweet marble chocolate cake. I have three small dogs. I have five pretty lovely daughters.

Answer 32

Restrictive appositives are identifiers or explainers for the noun or pronoun adjacent to them in the sentence that are necessary for understanding the sentence. COMMAS SHOULD NOT BE USED WITH A RESTRICTIVE APPOSITIVE Example: The popular actor, Hugh Jackman, fell from fame. (commas should NOT be used because Hugh Jackman is the subject of the sentence)

Answer 33

NO example: the cat ran away, and carried the dead mouse to her bed. (incorrect, because the cat ran away is an independent clause, so the commas should be removed!)

Answer 34

situation 1: to introduce a list, clarification, or quotation. example: Daniel was afraid of three animals: giraffes, polar bears and zebras. His psychologist said the following:"his fears are quite irrational" situation 2: To separate two independent clauses ONLY when the second clause emphasizes or relates to the first. example: I like to run many marathons: These include the Boston Marathon and Chicago marathon. REMEMBER! COLONS CAN INTRODUCE BOTH DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSES! - TRANSITORY PHRASES such as however or for example CAN BE USED AFTER A COLON but they are often redundant

Answer 35

a sentence that improperly joins multiple INDEPENDENT clasues. can be fixed by adding punctuation or a conjunction

Answer 36

when you are referencing everything except for people

Answer 37

👉 What it does: Works as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence. 👉 What it includes: A noun + its modifiers (like adjectives or articles). ✅ The big black dog barked loudly. (Noun phrase = "The big black dog," acting as the subject) ✅ She adopted a cute little kitten. (Noun phrase = "a cute little kitten," acting as the object)

Answer 38

2. Verb Phrase (Contains the main verb + helping verbs) 👉 What it does: Shows action or state of being. 👉 What it includes: A main verb + helping verbs (auxiliaries like is, has, was, will). ✅ She is writing an essay. (Verb phrase = "is writing") ✅ They have been studying for hours. (Verb phrase = "have been studying")

Answer 39

3. Adjective Phrase (Describes a noun) 👉 What it does: Gives more information about a noun. 👉 What it includes: An adjective + modifiers or complements. ✅ The house with the red door is mine. (Adjective phrase = "with the red door," describing "house") ✅ She is very good at math. (Adjective phrase = "very good at math," describing "She")

Answer 40

7. Infinitive Phrase (Uses "to" + base verb) 👉 What it does: Acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb. 👉 What it includes: "to" + verb + modifiers. ✅ I love to play the piano. (Infinitive phrase = "to play the piano," acting as a noun) ✅ She has a lot of homework to finish before bedtime. (Infinitive phrase = "to finish before bedtime," acting as an adjective describing "homework")

Answer 41

8. Participle Phrase** (Uses a verb ending in -ing or -ed, acting as an adjective)** 👉 What it does: Describes a noun. 👉 What it includes: A present (-ing) or past (-ed) participle + modifiers. ✅ The girl crying in the corner needs help. (Participle phrase = "crying in the corner," describing "girl") ✅ The book written by my favorite author is amazing. (Participle phrase = "written by my favorite author," describing "book")

Answer 42

A phrase is a group of words that work together as a single part of a sentence but do not have both a subject and a verb. Because of this, a phrase cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

Answer 43

Describes a noun using an adjective+modifiers The house with the blue roof is mine. (bue roof=adjective) Life on the road was an opportunity for adventure. (road= adjective, on=preposition, the=definite article)

Answer 44

NOOOOOOOOOOOOO when the dependent clause introduces ESSENTIAL INFORMATION, not just an after thought/ a clause that is DIRECTLY RELATED - because, since, although, when, if, before, unless, while Example: after years of saving, David went to Paris for his honeymoon because it was his dream.

Answer 45

a clause that has both a subject and a verb and MODIFIES the noun in a sentence for example: I know Katie, who is a doctor

Answer 46

They show relationships like cause and effect, contrast, or examples. Common ones include for example, in fact, however, therefore, and as a result. When a transitional phrase starts a sentence, it should be followed by a comma (e.g., However, she decided to stay). When it appears in the middle of a sentence, it should be surrounded by commas on both sides (e.g., She decided, however, to stay). If it comes at the end, it usually needs a comma before it (e.g., She decided to stay, however).

Answer 47

because, since, although, when, if, before, unless, while

Answer 48

an adverb that increases the intensity of an adjective, adverb, or verb

Answer 49

when they are nonessetnial to the understanding of a sentence and provide additional information (e.g.My brother, a talented musician, plays the guitar. (The phrase "a talented musician" just adds extra information; we already know we're talking about "my brother.") 2. No commas for essential appositives (important to meaning) If the appositive is necessary to identify the noun, do not use commas. Example: The poet Robert Frost wrote "The Road Not Taken." (Without "Robert Frost," we wouldn’t know which poet is being talked about, so no commas. 3. Appositives at the beginning or end of a sentence If an appositive comes at the beginning, use a comma after it. A brilliant scientist, Marie Curie won two Nobel Prizes. If an appositive comes at the end, use a comma before it if it's extra information. I admire my teacher, Mr. Johnson.

Answer 50

If the appositive names a specific person, place, or thing after a general noun, it’s usually essential (No commas). The artist Van Gogh painted "Starry Night." (No commas) If the appositive adds extra details but doesn’t change the meaning, it’s nonessential (Use commas). Van Gogh, a famous artist, painted "Starry Night." (Use commas)

Answer 51

a group of words that has both a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it depends on a main (independent) clause to make sense.

Answer 52

A predicate is the part of a sentence that tells what the subject is doing or what is being said about the subject. It must contain a verb and can include objects, phrases, or clauses. Example: "She went to bed early." Subject: "She" Predicate: "went to bed early" (includes the verb went and additional information about the action). A predicate does not have to be a full clause—it’s just part of a sentence, whereas a subordinate clause is an entire dependent clause with its own subject and verb.

Answer 53

- a participle clause starts with a participle verb ( present (-ing) or past (-ed) participle.) - e.g. the girl crying in the corner the running dog bit the rabbit. - an adjective clause starts with a elative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that) or a relative adverb (when, where, why) -the dog ran, which scared the birds away -the dog went where the ball was thrown.

Answer 54

the main thing being acted upon I ate a hamburger. ( i am the subject, hamburger is the direct object)

Answer 55

a recipient of the action I ate a hamburger with lucy ( I am the subject, hamburger is the direct object, lucy is the indirect object Danielle gave a present to Marcux.

Answer 56

- when they come BEFORE THE NOUN, and the first adjective is describing the second adjective, NOT THE NOUN The well-established supermarket just opened. (well is describing established NOT supermarket, and before noun, so hyphen is needed.) the supermarket is well estabished (no hyphen needed because after noun) - with counting numbers BEFORE AND AFTER NOUN (UNLESS IT IS AFTER "is!," the hyphen is only needed between the numbers) The forty-seven-year-old teacher tteaches math. the math teacher is forty-seven years old. '

Answer 57

a compound adjective

Answer 58

-when an adverb (ending in -ly) comes before an adjective, because adverbs always describe the adjective, so there is no need for a hyphen for clarification The prettily decorated table The poorly constructed running shoe slowed me down.

Answer 59

Some prefixes need hyphens, especially when clarity or repetition is a concern. Examples: Re-enter (avoid confusion with "reenter") Anti-inflammatory All-knowing

Answer 60

well-read, twelve-year-old, twenty-one

Answer 61

-as a subject pronoun (I, she, he, I, they) -who is performing the action -used in relative clauses as a relativie pronoun, referring to the subject of the clause - REMEMBER, RELATIVE CLAUSES PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE NOUN, SO THEY SHOULD ALWAYS BE PRECEEDED BY A COMMA!) example: I know Sheila, who is a doctor. ( since"who" IS the doctor, then you don't need to use whom) REMEMBER!: "is" is a verb! Who met your dog, who is a cockapoo? (since your dog IS the cockapoo, use who)( even though you should use which for animals)

Answer 62

When adding extra, non-essential information about a noun—like an appositive—you usually use "which" or "who" for people/animals with names or when treated personally. More importantly: when the clause is non-restrictive (adds extra info), it should use "who" (for people) or "which" (for things/animals, but sometimes "who" for pets), and it must be set off by commas.

Answer 63

these are used when referring to people/animals (which is for animals, who is for people)

Answer 64

when you are referring to the object-- the person who receives the action in a sentence -ALWAYS PRECEEDED BY A PREPOSITION -whom would you like to promote to chief executive (YOU are the one PROMOTING ( but still the subject), so use whom because it is therefore the object) -Whom did you send that letter?

Answer 65

-her, him, me, them

Answer 66

-whom is ALWAYS preceeded by a preposition -who is NEVER preceeded by a preposition, it is ONLY preceeded by a preposition as part of the word WHOEVER

Answer 67

Between two independent clauses: Use a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb and a comma after. Example: I was tired; therefore, I went to bed. At the beginning of a sentence: Use a comma after the conjunctive adverb. Example: However, we stayed home. In the middle or end of a sentence: Set the conjunctive adverb off with commas. Example: We have, however, already decided. Example: We already decided, however. 🚫 Don’t use just a comma to connect independent clauses. Incorrect: I was tired, therefore, I went to bed. ❌ Correct: I was tired; therefore, I went to bed. ✅

Grammar flashcards

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