Grammar - Final Review Flashcards
The sign of the 3rd conjugation
All verbs whose present infinitive active end in -ere (with the first e short) belong to the 3rd conjugation.
Four principal parts of the 2nd conjugation (moneō)
The endings of the four principal parts of the 2nd conjugation are: -eō, -ēre, -uī, -itus.
Uniqueness of future indiciative active of the 3rd conjugation
The future indicative active of the 3rd conjugation is different from the 1st and 2nd declensions. While the personal endings are the same, there is no tense sign, and the vowel of the ending changes.
Predicate adjective case
Nominative
Agreement of possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives agree with the noun they modify in case, number, and gender.
Genitive singulr ending of 5th declension nouns
-eī
Personal endings of verbs
The personal endings of all Latin verbs are:
-ō or -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
Genetive singular of 3rd declension nouns
-is
Ablative of Accompaniment
The ablative with cum is used when with expresses association, pointing out the person or think in company with which something is or is done.
Three characteristics of verbs
In both English and Latin, verbs change their form to express person, number, and tense. (There are actually more than three but we will study only three.)
Gender of 5th declension nouns
Usually feminine
Formation of the Imperfect Tense
Verbs in the imperfect tense are formed on the present stem.
Three ways to ask questions in Latin
Interrogative adverbs, pronouns, and particles are three ways questions can be asked in Latin.
Gender of 4th declension nouns
usually masculine
The grammatical concept of person
Grammatical person indicates either 1st person (the person speaking: I, we), 2nd person (person spoken to: you), 3rd person (person spoken of: he, she, it, they)
Agreement rule for appositives (Grammar 473)
An appositive agrees with its noun in number and case.
Direct reflexives
A pronoun that refers back to the subject of its own clause is a direct reflexive.
Genitve singular of 1st declension nouns
All nouns whose genitive ends in -ae are in the 1st declension
Two groups of adjectives
1st/2nd declension; 3rd declension
There is
There are
est (the expletive there)
sunt (the expletive there)
Four principal parts of the 4th conjugation
The endings of the four principal parts of verbs in the 4th declesions are: -iō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus (audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus).
The sign of the 2nd conjugation
All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in -ēre belong to the 2nd conjugation.
Third person direct reflexives
When a third person pronoun refers back to the subject of its own clause, a form of suī, rather than is, ea, id must be used.
Ablative of Means
The ablative without a preposition is used to express a non-living agent or the means or instrument by which something is done.
Ablative of Agent
When an action is done by a living agent, it is expressed in Latin by using the preposition ā/ab.
Four principal parts of 1st conjugation (laudō)
The endings of the four principal parts of hte 1st conjugation are: -ō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus. (laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus)
Finding and using the present stem
The present stem is found by dropping the ending from teh 2nd principal part and the present, imperfect, and future tenses are placed on the present stem.
Position of verb
The verb usually stands last in the sentence.
Three present tense forms in English
The three present tense forms in English are: 1. You praise. 2. You are praising. 3. You do praise.
Three forms of the perfect indicative active in English
The perfect indicative active is expressed in English in three forms.:
1.) I praised. 2.) I did praise. 3.) I have praised.
3rd declension neuter noun rule (Grammar 51)
Nouns ending in -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET) are generally neuter.
3rd declension feminine noun rule (Grammar 50)
Nouns ending in -s, -o, -x (SOX) are generally feminine.
Two ways to indicate indirect objects in English
(1) “to” and (2) word order
(1) Christ gave God glory.
(2) Christ gave glory to God.
Prepositions take either of what two cases?
Ablative, accusative
The preposition in with the acc. and abl.
In with the acc. indiates motion; in with ablative indicates position
Gender of 2nd declension nouns
-us - masculine
-um - neuter
Natural gender rule applies to ALL declensions (Grammar 46-47)
A noun naming a male person is masculine (dux); a noun naming a female person is feminine (māter)
Tense sign for Imperfect Tense
The tense ba is the sign of the imperfect tense.
Genitive singular of 2nd declension nouns
-i
Adjective-noun agreement
An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case, but not necessarily declension.
Tense sign for Future Tense
The tense sign bi is the sign of the future tense.
Position of forms of sum in a Latin sentence (Grammar 461)
Anywhere in sentence
Give the nominative and genitive of the 6 neuter nouns of the 3rd declension.
agmen, agminis; corpus, corporis; flūmen, flūminis; iter, itineris; nōmen, nōminis; vulnus, vulneris
Direct object case
Accusative
Active voice
A verb is in the active voice when teh subject is the person or thing that performs the action.
Subject-verb agreement
The verb agrees with its subject in person and number.
Principal Parts
The Principal parts are the four main forms on whose stems all the other forms of the verb are built.
Case for possessives and “of” phrases
Genitive
Indirect object case, or the “to/for” case
Dative
Passive voice
A verb is in the passive voice when the subject is the person or thing to which the action is done.
Subject case
Nominative
Gender of 1st declension nouns
1st declension nouns are feminine unless they name a male like nauta.
The sign of the 1st congutation
All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in -āre belong to the 1st conjugation.
3rd declension masculine noun rule (Grammar 49)
Nouns ending in -er and -or (ERROR) are generally masculine.
Perfect System Passive
The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses are compound tenses in which the fourth principal part (the perfect participle passive) is joined with the appropriate form of sum
Predicate nominitave case (Grammar 474)
Nominative
Perfect stem
The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses are built on the perfect stem.
Position of adverb
The adverb usually stands immediately before hte word it modifies.
Unique characteristic of all neuter (Grammar 39)
Nominative and accusative are same, both nouns and adjectives in singular and plural
Uniqueness of imperfect and future active and indicative
To find the endings of the imperfect and future indicative of the 4th conjugation, the 4th conjugation puts in -i before the endings of the 3rd
Genetive singular ending of 4th declension nouns
-ūs
Appositive
A noun or a phrase that is “put beside” another noun to rename or explain it and set off by commas.
Position rule for adjectives
Adjectives of quantity usually preced their nouns; adjectives of quality usually follow.
Distinguishing feature of the 1st conjugation
The ending in the 1st conjugation begins with a.
Give the case for each preposition: propter, post, cum, in
propter: accusative, post: accusative, cum: ablative, in: ablative
