Grammar C 1

Question 1

Изучения правил употребления «just»
Just and time expressions.

Answer 1

We can use just before an adjective ( wonderful) to emphasise a certain quality.

The colours of the costumers arejyst amazing !
This is just rediculous.
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Just can mean “now “when used with a verb in the present simple and present continuous tense ( Iam going here is going )
However when used with a verbin the present perfect or past perfect tense (have been, had stopped ) it refers to a short time before the moment of speaking.

He is just on his way now . ( he is coming here now )
She’s just finished a huge project. ( She finished it very recently. )
____________________________
There’s this just wonderful sense of community are being together.
The speaker uses just to emphasise how fantastic the event was .
——————————————
The atmosphere was just incredible! Just used for emphasis.
It wasn’t just one tribe there , but several.
Just means only
Just is wonderful little word with many different uses!
——————————————-
I’m checking to see if we have any aviability today.
Я просто проверяю ест ли у нас свободное время сегодня .
The speaker uses just with the present continious ( I’m checking) to indicate that they are checking right now.
—————————————————-
I’ve just realised I left my umbrella at home .
Я только что понял , что оставиль свой зонт дома .
Here just + present perfect ( i’ve realised ) means the realisation happened a few moments before speaking.
———————————————-
They’ve just published the exam results - did you pass?
Только что опубликовали результаты экзамена , ты его сдала ?
The exam results were realised a short time before the time of speaking.
———————————————
We are just taking off - can you fasten your seatbelt? Мы сейчас взлетаем не могли бы вы пристегнуть ремень безопазности?
We use just with the present continuous to indicate the action is in progress now.
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Question 2

Describing sudden and unexpected trends

Answer 2

When describing trends or changes over time we can use adjectives to describe in nature of the changes.
These adjectives are frequently used with nouns such as “increase “ or “decrease” .

A steady increase. Gradual
accuring
slowly
These are. Never
unprecedented Seen
figures Before
A sharp decrease Sudden ,
accuring
quickly or
dramaticly

Question 3

Expressing same idea in a different way

Answer 3

Advanced English speakers are able to express the same idea in a number of different ways.

Notice how the adjectives + noun structures ( left) can be changed into verb + adverb structures with no change in meaning.

Adjective + noun
There has been a sharp increase in sales since last month.

Verb+ adverb
Sales have increased sharply since last month.

Adjective + noun
There has been a steady rise in unemployment over the last 6 months.

Verb + adverb
Unemployment has risen steadyly over the last ) month .

Adjective + noun
Our office rent saw an unprecedented drop this year.

Verb + adverb
Out office rent dropped this year quite unprecedentedly.

Question 4

I can / can’t see myself

Answer 4

We use the expression to be able to see oneself ( or can / can’t see oneself ) to talk about things we can imagine ourselves or others doing now and in the future.

I can’t see Juan leaving the company.

I’m able to see myself moving to italy.

Question 5

Softing the message

Answer 5

If you work in a multinational team you may know that difference cultural have different ideas of politeness and directness.

I wanted to send you an email.

I thought i’d rise a couple of points.

I was wondering if you could check this document for me?

Would you mind having a chat about the project.

Should you want to talk about this futher, i am happy to have a meeting.

Question 6

Advanced vocabulary

Answer 6

It’s popular. It’s trendy ,
it’s all the rage
It’s a free gift. It’s swag,
It’s a freebie
It’s complimentary
It’s not very It’s impractical
suitable

The price id far. The price is
too Expensive Extortionate

She has 1 million She boasts 1 Followers million followers

You can eat it. It’s edible

Question 7

Affect or effect?

Answer 7

These two words are two of the most commonly confused words in English because their meanings are connected and they are pronounced in the same way.
They’re both extremely useful when talking about the how one thing can result in another:
Affect is a verb meaning “to change someone or something”.
Effect is a noun meaning “a change that happens as a result of something”.
to affect (verb)
Do you think the weather will affect food supplies?
an effect (noun)
Yes, I suspect that the weather may have an effect on food supplies.

Question 8

Reporting verbs…

Answer 8

When writing a summary, we can use formal reporting verbs and phrases to report what an author has “written” or “said”.
All the reporting verbs below are neutral - this means the author of the original article didn’t express strong or weak opinions or attitudes.
The article discusses…
According to the author / the article…
The author mentions / points out… + noun phrase / that

Question 9

Giving extra information &

Answer 9

In a summary, you can use the following structure to give extra information about things the author said later in the original article.
“The author / article goes on” + infinitive
Using this phrase in the middle of your summary also reminds the reader that you are talking about someone else’s ideas, and not your own.
The article goes on to describe / discuss…
The author goes on to mention / point out that..

Question 10

Article

Answer 10

The rising cost of living
Busuu
I read an eye-opening article in a national Polish newspaper the other day about the rising cost of living. The article, published last week, discusses the disproportionate impact that rising costs are having on single people.
Although the cost of living is increasing for everyone in all areas of life, the author points out that single people living alone are particularly affected by the rising cost of household bills, since they cannot divide the cost of these with a partner or spouse.
Furthermore, the author goes on to mention that, thanks to the pandemic, people are more likely to spend time working from home now, which also contributes to higher energy bills.
According to the writer, many single people are taking up “side-hustles” or extra part-time jobs to meet the rising costs, but she argues that this is rarely possible for single parents because of the need to provide childcare. As a result, many are having to make the hard choice between keeping warm or eating well.

Question 11

Now it’s your turn…

Answer 11

…where and when the article was published.
• …what the main topic of the article was.
…what the main points made by the author were.

Question 12

Article

Answer 12

The article, published in The Economist, discusses scientific research which has finally revealed how geckos are able to move across water.
The author points out that geckos cannot employ the same methods as other animals which are also capable of moving on the surface of water (floating or foot-slapping) due to their size but later mentions that they actually use a combination of movements.
The article goes on to describe the researchers using high-speed cameras to observe the methods used by geckos to keep afloat: a combination of slapping and stroking the surface of water, while being driven forward by their swishing tails.
According to the author, the discovery may prove significant for the future design of swimming robots.

Question 13

Watch out for prepositions

Answer 13

You may have noticed that although the verb
“affect” is NOT followed by a preposition, all the other phrases we’ve learned in so far in this lesson must be used with specific prepositions.
To have an impact on something / someone
To have an effect on something / someone
To have implications for something / someone
To have consequences for something / someone

Question 14

Next up…

Answer 14

We’ve just learned four expressions - ways to talk about how one thing may result in something else:
to have consequences for to have implications for to have an effect on to have an impact on
Next, we will learn some adjective / adverb collocations that you can use to be more specific.
Are you ready to go deeper?

Question 15

Being more specific about consequences

Answer 15

Sometimes it may not always be clear what kind of consequences something will have, so to be more specific we can use adjectives (e.g.
“serious”) in front of nouns such as
“consequences”, “implications”,
“, etc.
Here are some adjectives which frequently come up when we discuss consequences, impact, effects and implications:
positive consequences
beneficial
negative consequences
devastating
serious
consequences
considerable
not serious
consequences
minimal

Question 16

Migrate vs emigrate vs immigrate

Answer 16

In the text, migrate refers to when animals or humans move from one region to another. The implication is that this movement is probably temporary/seasonal, but the focus is on the movement.
In English, when talking about human migration, we also use the verbs emigrate and immigrate to describe movement from one country to another.
Verb
Meaning
Example
migrate
to move or relocate from one place to another
During the pandemic many US
tech workers migrated from
California to Texas to reduce their cost of living.
emigrate
to move away from a country
Many young people emigrate from South
Africa because
unemploym ent rates are high.
immigrate
to relocate to a
country
It’s quite hard to
immigrate permanentl y to
Australia due to the rigorous application process there.

Question 17

You are on fire!

Answer 17

Excellent work! These texts are getting tougher, but you are killing it! (That’s what we say when someone does an amazing job.) €5
You’ve just learned some new environmental vocabulary in context. This vocabulary will come in handy (be useful) in the next activity, in which we’ll listen to a lecture and learn in more detail
about the implications that invasive species can have on an ecosystem.
to compel someone to do something - to force someone to do something
to migrate - to travel to a different region, usually temporarily
a herbivore - an animal that eats only plants
vegetation - plants that are found in a particular area

a carnivore - an animal that eats meat
a habitat - the natural environment in which an animal or plant usually lives
to be scarce - to be hard to find or get
to disrupt something - to prevent something from working as it normally would
an ecosystem - all the living things in an area and how they affect each other

Question 18

Taking notes

Answer 18

A lecture is normally given by one speaker whose purpose is to give detailed information about a specific topic.
Note-taking is an important skill which can help us to understand and summarise the information.
Here are some tips for taking effective notes:
V Don’t write everything - use key words / short phrases
V Organise your notes visually if possible
V Use your own words
Before you move on listen again and make some notes on paper using the questions below.

1. What other kinds of human behaviour can introduce an invasive species to an
   ecosystem?
2. How or why can invasive species harm native species?
3. How else can human activity affect wildlife negatively in general?

Question 19

Inversion with past (unreal) conditionals

Answer 19

In this lesson we will learn how to use inversion (changing the word order in a sentence) to emphasise something, make it more dramatic or to make it sound more formal.
In part 1 we’ll look at how inversion is used to emphasise hypothetical past situations and to point out when something does not happen often.
In part 2 we’ll see how inversion can also be used to highlight how unique a place is and to point out when someone is unaware of something.
Are you ready? Let’s do this! i
1. Inversion with past (unreal) conditionals
In formal situations, such as a lecture, it’s common for speakers to use inversion with conditional sentences.

To use inversion in a conditional clause we simply remove the “if” and switch the order of the subject and “had”.
Notice that the word order in the second clause does not change - that makes it easier!
conditional (no inversion)
inverted conditional
If people had known about grey squirrels, they might not have imported them.
Had people known about grey squirrels, they might not have imported them.

If Pablo Escobar had lived, his hippos might not have been abandoned.
Had Pablo Escobar lived, his hippos might not have been abandoned.

Question 20

Here’s a tip!

Answer 20

If the conditional clause contains a negative adverb (e.g. “not”) we don’t use contractions in the inverted sentence.
Let’s see the correct way to invert the following negative conditional sentence:
“If I had not attended the lecture, I would never have realised squirrels were an invasive species.”
V Had I not attended the lecture, I would never have realised squirrels were an invasive species.
X Hadn’t I attended the lecture, I would never have realised squirrels were an invasive species.
2. Emphasising how often something happens

Another common use of inversion to add formality or emphasis occurs with negative frequency adverbs (e.g. “never”, “rarely”,
“scarcely”, “seldom”).
To invert a sentence with a negative frequency

2. Emphasising how often something happens
   Another common use of inversion to add formality or emphasis occurs with negative frequency adverbs (e.g. “never”, “rarely”,
   “scarcely”, “seldom”).
   To invert a sentence with a negative frequency adverb, we follow two steps:
   1 Move the adverb (e.g. “never”) to the beginning of the sentence.
   2 Change the order of the subject (“|”) and the verb (“have seen”)
   e.g. “| have never seen so many jellyfish” e
   “Never have I seen so many jellyfish!”
   Vaquitas are rarely seen nowadays - they are very close to extinction.
   Rarely are vaquitas seen nowadays - they are very close to extinction.
   She would seldom drink cow’s milk as a child.
   Seldom would she drink cow’s milk as a child.

I had never before seen anywhere as stunning as Machu
Picchu.
Never before had I seen anywhere as stunning as Machu
Picchu.
So far so good! O
How might we emphasise that a place is special or unique?
And what if we want to emphasise that someone has a lack of knowledge about something?
Let’s continue the lesson and find out… g