Grammar

Question 1

When do we use The third conditional?

Answer 1

used for a past situation that didn’t happen;
to talk about imagined past events: things that might have happened in the past, but didn’t happen.

Question 2

parts of conditional sentence

Answer 2

if + past perfect, and would have + past participle.

The two parts can come in any order: put a comma. You don’t use a comma when the result part comes first

Question 3

What are Double contractions?

Answer 3

is when we make three words into something shorter in spoken English. I would have becomes I’d’ve and could not have becomes couldn’t’ve.

Question 4

When do we use Reported speech?

Answer 4

If someone says something that you want to tell another person, you can report it using reported speech. It is to move the tense back.

Question 5

True or False

Notes on reported speech: A reported statement in the past simple often stays the same.

Answer 5

TRUE.

“I drove to work” -> She said she drove to work.

Question 6

True or False

Notes on reported speech: You can go further back in time than the past perfect.

Answer 6

FALSE

The past perfect doesn’t change in reported speech because there isn’t a verb form further ‘back in time’.

Question 7

True or False

Notes on reported speech: Some modal verbs change in reported speech: can, must.

Answer 7

TRUE

But some modal verbs don’t change: could, should, might.

Question 8

True or False

We don’t change the verb in reported speech if the situation hasn’t changed, for example if it’s a fact or is generally true.

Answer 8

TRUE

“I love you” -> She told me she loves me.

Question 9

True or False

In reported speech we can use the past tense to show you’re not certain the other person loves her/him – for example, the other person wasn’t telling the truth.

Answer 9

TRUE.

“I love you” -> She said she loved me.

Question 10

Difference between the verbs say and tell when used in reported speech.

Answer 10

When we use say, we don’t normally include the object: “My friend said that he was making pizza”.

But if we use tell, we do need an object: “My friend told me that he was making pizza”.

Question 11

When do we use If and whether?

Answer 11

can be used interchangeably, but one difference is that we use whether when we have two clear choices

Question 12

When is Wether used?

Answer 12

you are only offering two choices - the two things you say. Tea or coffee.

Question 13

When do we use “If”?

Answer 13

when you use if there is another possibility. As well as the two choices, there is a third: I don’t know if Finn wants either of those two drinks - maybe he wants something completely different, like hot chocolate or beer.

Question 14

If and whether when used in indirect questions

Answer 14

If the direct question doesn’t have a question word, then we use if or whether in the indirect question. We can use these interchangeably, although if is a little more informal.

(Direct question) - Is the coffee for everyone?

(Indirect question) - Could you tell me if the coffee is for everyone?

Question 15

Second conditionals

Answer 15

are about unreal or unlikely situations, like:

If I had enough money I would buy a plane

Question 16

Ways to use “would”

Answer 16

1) Conditionals “I would memorise these sentences if I were you!”
2) Future in past “When you started learning English you knew you would be fluent one day”.
3) Reported speech “Finn said he would teach us how to use would”.
4) Repetition in the past: ‘would’ is being used to mark something that happened frequently in the past. “I would always make mistakes until I learned these examples”.
5) Polite requests “Would you try a little harder please?”

Question 17

When are Indirect questions used?

Answer 17

We use these phrases to make questions more polite:

Do you know…
Could you tell me…
Would you mind…
Is there any chance…

Question 18

Difference: let and allow

Answer 18

Let and allow are both followed by nouns or object pronouns. ‘Let’ takes an infinitive without to, and ‘allow’ takes an infinitive with to. Both can be made negative with an auxiliary verb, and allow is often used in the passive form.

Question 19

Form (allow in passive)

Answer 19

Subject + to be + allowed (past participle)

Question 20

When is Passive voice used?

Answer 20

When the person or the thing affected by the main verb becomes the focus: “The internet is used by millions of people every day”.

The passive is often used when the person or thing doing the verb is not important, unknown, or obvious. In this case, we may leave them out completely.

Question 21

How do you form a Passive voice?

Answer 21

The passive voice is made with subject + to be + past participle + by + object.

Note that the active voice object becomes the passive voice subject. In the passive, the main verb is always the past participle.

Question 22

What is the Passive voice used for?

Answer 22

We can use the passive voice to describe processes in which the action is more important than the person performing it.

Ex: The metal sheeting was heated and bent into shape before being cooled, polished, and finally painted.

Question 23

The meaning of:

Unless

Answer 23

Unless is similar in meaning to if not and can be used instead of if not in certain types of conditional sentences. We normally use unless with present tenses when we are referring to the future.

Question 24

True or False

Notes on “unless”: You can use ‘unless’ in questions

Answer 24

FALSE

What will you do if you don’t pass those exams? If I don’t pass those exams, I won’t be able to study in Australia.

Question 25

True or False Don't use 'unless' with 'would' to talk about unreal future situations

Answer 25

TRUE If he didn't take everything so seriously, he would be much easier to work with. If he weren't so bad-tempered, I would help him to get the work done

Question 26

True or False Notes on "unless": Use 'unless' with 'would have' to talk about unreal situations in the past

Answer 26

FALSE If you hadn't driven so recklessly, you wouldn't have had this accident. If you hadn't had that last glass of wine, this would never have happened.

Question 27

True or False Notes on "unless": Use 'unless', and not 'if not', if we are introducing an idea as an afterthought

Answer 27

TRUE I won't bother going to the meeting at the school tonight - unless you want to go, of course.

Question 28

True or False You can't use a negative in the 'unless' clause.

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

Answering negative questions

Answer 29

When a yes/no question is asked with a negative, it can be difficult to know what the correct way to respond is. Think of a negative question as if it were a positive question and answer it like that! Aren't you going out tonight? is the same as: Are you going out tonight? For both questions the answer will be the same. Yes, I am = you are going out tonight. No, I'm not = you are not going out.

Question 30

Mixed conditionals

Answer 30

The most common mixed conditional combination is when we have a third conditional in the if-clause (if + past perfect) followed by a second conditional (would + infinitive) in the main clause. If he'd taken the medication, he would be feeling better.

Question 31

Mixed third/second conditional form

Answer 31

With this mixed third/second conditional combination we are contrasting an imagined or real event in the past with the present result of that. If they'd taken more care, she wouldn't be pregnant now. (They didn't take care. She is pregnant)

Question 32

Use the present perfect to talk about:

Answer 32

life experiences: "I've been to Italy". recent past actions that are important now: "I've lost my keys". past situations that are still happening now: "We've been married for three years". talking about recent past events with 'just', 'yet' and 'already': "I've just finished a great book".

Question 33

True or False Notes on "present perfect": Don't use the present perfect for activities, states and situations in the past which are completed or finished.

Answer 33

TRUE I went to Italy last year. My sister broke her leg last year.

Question 34

Zero articles

Answer 34

Some nouns though do not normally need articles. There are different types of nouns that don't require an article.

Question 35

Use zero article (-) with

Answer 35

The names of most countries, cities and continents: Saudi Arabia, Argentina. Geographical areas in adjective phrases: I live in (-) north-west Egypt, (-) eastern France The names of single mountains and lakes: Mount Kilimanjaro, Lake Titicaca Exact days, months and times: on (-) Friday, in (-) March, at (-) 7 o’clock Some prepositional phrases of place: in (-) bed, at (-) sea

Question 36

Types of nouns that don't require an article

Answer 36

Plural and uncountable nouns for generalisations: Fruit is healthier than sweets Proper nouns: Dan was standing in front of New Broadcasting House. When talking about the normal role of an institution: What time does school finish on Fridays? Times of day, year and named holidays and special days/festivals: Do you put your cat out at night. I always go home for Christmas. The weather is usually best in August.

Question 37

Zero article: school, university, college, hospital, prison, church.

Answer 37

There is a special rule for these places: The children go to school by bus. I go to the school to help twice a week. Ben's studying maths at university. He works in the canteen at the university. She was in hospital for three weeks. Is there a shop in the hospital? If someone is at the place because they are a student / are sick / a prisoner, etc, we don't use the. If they are there for another reason, or we are talking about the building, we use the.

Question 38

True or False | Indefinite article: a university, a euro

Answer 38

Use a before consonant sounds: a chair, a horse, a laptop This includes letters u or eu when they are pronounced y (/j/): a university, a euro

Question 39

Indefinite articles

Answer 39

They are not used with plural nouns or uncountable nouns. They are used when a singular countable noun is talked about for the first time. They can be used when classifying, describing and generalizing: It's a dog.

Question 40

The definite article

Answer 40

Use "the" when both the speaker and listener know what is being talked about or to identify a particular thing.

Question 41

The definite article

Answer 41

You can also use the to mean the same as enough. When we use the like this it is often in a negative structure and frequently with the verb to have. We can also use it with make and get. If followed by a verb, it is the infinitive with to. "We don't have the time to go to the shops before the film starts". "Have we got the money for a foreign holiday this year?"

Question 42

Continuous passive

Answer 42

We use the continuous passive the same way as regular continuous forms but when the agent, that is the person or organisation that is doing the action of the verb, is not known or is not as important as the action itself.

Question 43

Continuous passive form

Answer 43

be + being (present participle of to be) + past participle It has present, past and future uses but is not used in a perfect structure (ex: I am being chased).

Question 44

We use ____ when we talk about a change that has started to happen.

Answer 44

Present continuous. getting, becoming starting, beginning changing, improving

Question 45

We use the _____ for things happening at or around the time os speaking. The action is not complete.

Answer 45

present continuous ____ / i am doing / ____ past now future

Question 46

We use the _____ for things in general or things that happen repeatedly.

Answer 46

present simple past now future

Question 47

We use the _____ for temporary situations (things that continue for a short time).

Answer 47

present continuous

Question 48

We use the _____ for permanent situations (things that continue for a long time).

Answer 48

present simple

Question 49

True or False The present perfect (something has happened) is a present tense.

Answer 49

True It tells us about the situation now. ‘Tom has lost his key’ = he doesn’t have his key now

Question 50

True or False The past simple (something happened) tells us only about the past.

Answer 50

True If somebody says ‘Tom lost his key’, we don’t know whether he has the key now or not.

Question 51

True or False You can't use the present perfect (I have done) for new or recent happenings

Answer 51

False I’ve repaired the washing machine.

Question 52

True or False Use the past simple (I did) for things that are not recent or new

Answer 52

True Mozart was a composer. He wrote more than 600 pieces of music.

Question 53

We use _____ when we talk about a finished time (for example, yesterday / last year / ten minutes ago etc.)

Answer 53

a past tense: It was very cold yesterday. (not has been - present perfect)

Question 54

Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple. (Emily / earn / a lot of money / this year)

Answer 54

Emily has earned a lot of money this year.

Question 55

What do we use for a period of time that continues until now?

Answer 55

Present perfect (have done): I’ve done a lot of work today

Question 56

What do we use for a finished time in the past?

Answer 56

Past simple (did): I did a lot of work yesterday.

Question 57

Qual a diferença entre: "We’ve been waiting for an hour" e "We waited (or were waiting) for an hour".

Answer 57

Primeira: we are still waiting now Segunda: we are no longer waiting

Question 57

When do we use past perfect (I had done)?

Answer 57

If we want to talk about things that happened before something that happened in the past, we use the past perfect (had …): When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home

Question 57

Present tenses for the future

Answer 57

Present continuous (I am doing) Present simple (I do)

Question 58

Present continuous (I am doing) with a future meaning

Answer 58

I have already decided and arranged to do it: A: What are you doing on Saturday evening? (not What do you do) B: I’m going to the cinema. (not I go) For an action just before you start to do it. This happens especially with verbs of movement (go/come/leave etc.): I’m tired. I’m going to bed now

Question 59

Present simple (I do) with a future meaning

Answer 59

When we talk about timetables and programmes (for example, transport or cinema times): I have to go. My train leaves at 11.30 to talk about people if their plans are fixed like a timetable: I start my new job on Monday

Question 60

We do not normally use /_____/ to talk about what we have arranged to do

Answer 60

will: What are you doing tonight? (not What will you do)

Question 61

When do we use past perfect continuous (I had been doing)?

Answer 61

To say that something had been happening before something else happened: We’d been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily.

Question 62

What's the difference between present perfect continuous and past perfect continuous?

Answer 62

Present perfect continuous (have been -ing): for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped Past perfect continuous (had been -ing): something had been happening before something else happened

Question 63

Compare past continuous and past perfect continuous

Answer 63

Past continuous (I was doing): The action or situation started before this time, but had not finished (= in the middle of an action) Past perfect continuous (I had been doing): something had been happening before something else happened

Question 64

Is there difference in meaning when using have or have got?

Answer 64

There is no difference in meaning. You can say: They have a new car. or They’ve got a new car.

Question 65

What are the uses for have and have got?

Answer 65

= for possession, relationships, illnesses, appointments etc.

Question 66

For meanings like possession, do we use continuous forms?

Answer 66

No, we do not use continuous forms (I’m having etc.): We’re enjoying our holiday. We have / We’ve got a nice room in the hotel. (not We’re having a nice room)

Question 67

What is used for things we do or experience?

Answer 67

We use have (but not have got): Sometimes I have (= eat) a sandwich for my lunch. (not I’ve got)

Question 68

In past questions and negative sentences, we use have got?

Answer 68

No, we use did/didn’t: Did you have a car when you were living in Paris? I didn’t have my phone, so I couldn’t call you

Question 69

In past questions and negative sentences, we use have got?

Answer 69

No, we use did/didn’t: Did you have a car when you were living in Paris? I didn’t have my phone, so I couldn’t call you

Question 70

For the past we use have got?

Answer 70

No, for the past we use had: Lisa had long hair when she was a child. (not Lisa had got)

Question 71

Complete the sentence using have: I was very busy yesterday. I /___/ time to go shopping.

Answer 71

Didn't have

Question 72

Complete the sentence using have: When you worked in your last job, /____/ your own office?

Answer 72

Did you have

Question 73

What is the mean to "I am going to do something"?

Answer 73

I have already decided to do it, I intend to do it: ‘Are you going to eat anything?’ ‘No, I’m not hungry.

Question 74

What's the difference between I am doing and I am going to do?

Answer 74

I am doing = it is already fixed or arranged. I am going to do something = I’ve decided to do it. Maybe I’ve arranged to do it, maybe not: I don’t want to stay here. Tomorrow I’m going to look for somewhere else to stay

Question 75

When do we say that ‘something is going to happen’?

Answer 75

When the situation now makes this clear: Look at those black clouds! It’s going to rain. (we can see the clouds now)

Question 76

When do we use I’ll … (= I will)?

Answer 76

When we’ve just decided to do something. When we say ‘I’ll do something’, we announce our decision: Oh, I left the door open. I’ll go and shut it

Question 77

In which situations do we use I'll?

Answer 77

Offering to do something (I’ll help you with that bag) Agreeing to do something (I’ll give this book to Tom when I see him this afternoon) Promising to do something (Thanks for lending me the money. I’ll pay you back on Friday).

Question 78

When do we not use I will?

Answer 78

We do not use will to talk about what has been decided or arranged before: I’m going on holiday next Saturday. (not I’ll go)

Question 79

What's the difference between the sentences? * I’m meeting Kate tomorrow morning. *A: I’ll meet you at half past ten, OK? B: Fine. See you then.

Answer 79

First: decided before Second: decided now

Question 80

When do we use shall I … ? / shall we … ?

Answer 80

To ask if it’s OK to do something or to ask for a suggestion: Shall I open the window? (= do you want me to open it?) I’ve got no money. What shall I do? (= what do you suggest?)

Question 81

What's the difference between the sentences? *Shall I shut the door? *Will you shut the door?

Answer 81

First = do you want me to shut it? Second = I want you to shut it

Question 82

True or False Could is the past of can

Answer 82

True Listen. I can hear something. (now) I listened. I could hear something. (past)

Question 83

True or False Could is not always past

Answer 83

True We also use could for possible actions now or in the future, especially to make suggestions

Question 84

When do we use could, and not can?

Answer 84

For actions that are not realistic I’m so tired, I could sleep for a week. To say that something is possible now or in the future: The story could be true, but I don’t think it is.

Question 85

When do we say Something could have happened?

Answer 85

It was possible, but did not happen: Why did you stay at a hotel? You could have stayed with me.

Question 86

What are the two meanings of ‘I couldn’t do something’?

Answer 86

(1) It would not be possible now, I would not be able: I couldn’t run ten kilometres now. I’m not fit enough. (= I would not be able) (2) I was not able (past) I couldn’t run yesterday because I’d hurt my leg. (= I was not able)

Question 87

When do we use will?

Answer 87

We use will (We’ll invite …) to announce a new decision.

Question 88

When do we use (be) going to?

Answer 88

We use (be) going to when we have already decided to do something.

Question 89

What's the difference between using will and using (be) going to?

Answer 89

We use both will and going to for future happenings and situations. When we say something is going to happen, we believe this because of the situation now. What is happening now shows that something is going to happen in the future.

Question 90

When do we use may or might?

Answer 90

We use may or might to say that something is possible

Question 91

True or False Couldn’t (negative) is different from may not and might not.

Answer 91

True Compare: Sarah couldn’t have received my message. Otherwise she would have replied. (= it is not possible that she got my message) Why hasn’t Sarah replied to my message? I suppose she might not have received it. (= it’s possible that she didn’t receive it – perhaps she did, perhaps she didn’t)

Question 92

True or False Could is similar to may and might

Answer 92

True It’s a strange story, but it could be true. (= it is possible that it’s true) You could have left your phone at work. (= it’s possible that you left it there)

Question 93

What's the meaning of 'You needn’t do something'?

Answer 93

It’s not necessary to do it (but you can if you want): We have plenty of time. We needn’t hurry. (= it is not necessary to hurry)

Question 94

What's the difference between needn’t and mustn’t?

Answer 94

You needn’t do something = it’s not necessary to do it (but you can if you want) You mustn’t do something = don’t do it: You must keep it a secret. You mustn’t tell anyone. (= don’t tell anyone)

Question 95

What's the meaning of 'He needn’t have done something'?

Answer 95

He did it, but now we know that it was not necessary: Why did he get up at 5 o’clock? He needn’t have got up so early. He could have stayed in bed longer.

Question 96

What's the difference between needn’t have (done) and didn’t need to (do)?

Answer 96

needn’t have done something = did it, but now we know that it was not necessary: Why did he get up at 5 o’clock? He needn’t have got up so early. He could have stayed in bed longer. didn’t need to do something = it was not necessary to do it. It doesn’t matter whether he did it or not: He didn’t need to get up early, but it was a beautiful morning, so he did.

Question 97

What's the difference between needn’t (do) and needn’t have (done)?

Answer 97

Everything will be OK. You needn’t worry. (it is not necessary) Everything was OK. You needn’t have worried. (you worried, but it was not necessary)

Question 98

If you have something done....

Answer 98

you arrange for somebody to do it for you. Compare: Lisa repaired the roof. (= she repaired it herself) Lisa had the roof repaired. (= she arranged for somebody else to repair it)

Question 99

True or False You can say ‘get something done’ instead of ‘have something done’

Answer 99

True When are you going to get the roof repaired? (= have the roof repaired) I think you should get your hair cut really short.

Question 100

True or False We use have something done to say that something happens to somebody or their belongings

Answer 100

True Gary had his nose broken in a fight. (= his nose was broken) Have you ever had your bike stolen?

Question 101

What's the meaning of 'You should do something'?

Answer 101

= it is a good thing to do or the right thing to do. You can use should to give advice or to give an opinion: You look tired. You should go to bed.

Question 102

When do we use 'should'?

Answer 102

We use should when something is not right or what we expect: Where’s Tina? She should be here by now. (= she isn’t here yet, and this is not normal) We also use should to say that we expect something to happen: Helen has been studying hard for the exam, so she should pass. (= I expect her to pass)