Grammar Flashcards
How is the ablative case translated?
Usually: by/with/from.
Can be: at/in/on.
When is the ablative case used?
- To mean ‘by’, ‘with’ or ‘from’.
- After a great number of prepositions. It is used in expressions of time, place and space.
- After a passive verb or participle and the prepositions ‘a’ or ‘ab’ to express the person (agent) by whom something is done.
What is an indirect command, and how can it be recognised?
Someone reporting what they or someone else said previously.
Only formed using the imperfect subjunctive.
Have an ‘ut’ (to).
Introduced by word of: persuading, ordering, asking, begging etc.
What is an indirect question, and how can it be recognised?
Someone reporting a question asked.
Has a question word in it.
Uses both the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive. Translated as that tense.
No ‘ut’.
Introduced by word of: asking, wondering, thinking, knowing etc.
What is an indirect statement, and how can it be recognised?
Someone reporting a statement.
No ‘ut’: introduced by the word ‘that’ in English.
When using an indirect statement, the subject of the original direct statement is put into the ACCUSATIVE CASE and the verb of the original speech into an INFINITIVE (present, prefect or future).
Introduced after verbs of: saying, thinking, knowing, believing and feeling (Verbs Of Perception, VOPs).
How does one form the present infinitive (both active and passive)? How is it translated?
Active: -are, -ere, -ere, -ire To (verb) Passive: -ari, -eri, -i, -iri To be (verb)ed
How does one form the perfect infinitive (both active and passive)? How is it translated?
Active:
Perfect stem + -sse
To have (verb)ed
Passive:
Past participle + esse
To have been (verb)ed
How does one form the future infinitive (just active)? How is it translated?
Future participle + esse
To be about to (verb)
What are the present passive verb endings? How are they translated?
- r I am being (verb)ed
- ris You are being (verb)ed
- tur He/she is being (verb)ed
- mur We are being (verb)ed
- mini You are being (verb)ed
- ntur They are being (verb)ed
What are the imperfect passive verb endings? How are they translated?
- bar I was being (verb)ed
- baris You were being (verb)ed
- batur He/she was being (verb)ed
- bamur We were being (verb)ed
- bamini You were being (verb)ed
- bantur They were being (verb)ed
How is the perfect passive tense created and translated?
The perfect passive is a compound verb, which means that it is made up of two elements:
- A perfect participle which agrees with the noun it describes.
- The correct form of the present tense of ‘sum’.
The Participle changes in the plural forms; it will also change if the subject of the sentence is feminine or neuter.
captus sum I was captured
captus es You were captured
captus est He/she was captured
capti sumus We were captured
capti estis You were captured
capti sunt They were captured
How is the pluperfect passive tense created and translated?
The pluperfect passive is a compound verb made up of two elements:
- A perfect participle which agrees with the noun it describes.
- The correct form of the imperfect tense of ‘sum’.
The Participle changes in the plural forms; it will also change if the subject of the sentence is feminine or neuter.
missus eram I had been sent
missus eras You had been sent
missus erat He/she had been sent
missi eramus We had been sent
missi eratis You had been sent
missi erant They had been sent
Site all the deponent verbs needed for the GCSE in the present ‘I’ form, infinitive and perfect ‘I’ form.
Deponent verbs can only ever be active in meaning! They can never be passive, even though they look passive: they are always active in meaning!
- conor, conari, conatus sum (try)
- egredior, egredi, egressus sum (go out)
- hortor, hortari, hortatus sum (encourage, urge)
- ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum (enter)
- loquor, loqui, locutus sum (speak, talk)
- miror, mirari, miratus sum (wonder at, admire)
- morior, mori, mortuus sum (die)
- patior, pati, passus sum (suffer, endure)
- proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum (set out)
- progredior, progredi, progressus sum (advance)
- regredior, regredi, regressus sum (go back, return)
- sequor, sequi, secutus sum (follow)
- videor, videri, visus sum (seem, appear)
How is the future active participle created and translated?
The future active participle is formed from the perfect passive participle, inserting -ur- between the stem and the ending, but is active in meaning. Eg. portatus —> portaturus.
It is often used with part of the verb ‘to be’
Eg. senex pecuniam celaturus erat = the old man was going to hide the money.
There are many possible translations: eg. About to, going to, intending to. There is often a suggestion of purpose. Like other participles, the future active one is often better translated as a clause (for example ‘when’), and its tense is in relation to that of a main verb, so with a passage set in the past, a future active participle may come out as (for example) ‘when they were about to do X’.
What is a gerundive, what is its meaning, and how is it formed?
A gerundive is an adjective made from a verb. Its literal meaning is: ‘needing to be X-ed’.
It is passive and has the idea of necessity.
It is formed from the verb stems, the characteristic vowel(s) for the conjugation and ‘-ndus’ endings which decline like the adjective ‘bonus’.
Eg. portaNDUS-a-um (needing to be carried)
