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Biblical Greek Basics I - Grammar > Grammar 39 | Special Grammar Review > Flashcards

Grammar 39 | Special Grammar Review Flashcards

lists the grammar rules and exceptions learnt in this subject

1
Q

English/Greek article differences

A

Greek uses the (definite) article for:

  1. abstract nouns
  2. names of persons
  3. ὁ θεος - God
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2
Q

vocative rules

A
  1. usually vocative = nominative
  2. 2nd declension masculine nouns singular -> -ε
  3. 1st declension masculine nouns singular -> -α
  4. Ἰησους -> Ἰησου
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3
Q

neuter exception

A

if the subject of the sentence is neuter plural, the verb will be singular

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4
Q

feminine noun types

A
  1. Consonant: word stem ending in a consonant
  2. Sibilant: word stem ending in σ / ξ
  3. Vowel: word stem ending in ε / ι / ρ
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5
Q

elision in prepositions

A
  1. no change for ἐξω / περι / προ
  2. δια -> δι’ / παρα -> παρ’ / ἐκ -> ἐξ
  3. ἀπο -> ἀπ’, ἀφ’ / ἐπι -> ἐπ’, ἐφ’ / ὑπο -> ὑπ’, ὑφ’
  4. κατα -> κατ’, καθ’ / μετα -> μετ’, μεθ’
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6
Q

with

(in the sense of “along with”)

A
  1. μετα + genitive
  2. συν + dative
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7
Q

with

(in the sense of “by means of”)

A
  1. personal: ὑπο + genitive
  2. impersonal: [ἐν] + instrumental dative
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8
Q

adjective types and declension rules

A
  1. stem ends with consonant -> like λογος / ἀρχη / ἐργον
  2. stem ends with vowel (ε / ι / ρ) -> like λογος / ἡμερα / ἐργον
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9
Q

adjective declension exceptions

A
  1. πολυς / πολλη / πολυ
  2. μεγας / μεγαλη / μεγα
  3. αἰωνιος / αἰωνιος / αἰωνιον
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10
Q

adjectives: attributive use with article

A
  1. article – adjective – noun
  2. article – noun – article – adjective
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11
Q

adjectives: attributive use without article

A
  1. adjective – noun
  2. noun – adjective
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12
Q

adjective: predicative use with article

A
  1. [article – noun] – verb “to be” – adjective
  2. adjective – verb “to be” – [article – noun]
  3. article – noun – adjective
  4. adjective – article – noun
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13
Q

adjective: predicative use without article

A
  1. noun – verb “to be” – adjective
  2. adjective – verb “to be” – noun
  3. noun – adjective
  4. adjective – noun
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14
Q

adjective: use as noun

A

article – adjective used as noun

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15
Q

2 uses of “to be”

A
  1. standard use
  2. preparatory use: ἐστιν / εἰσιν at start of sentence
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16
Q

sandwich constructions

A
  1. adjective: article – adjective – noun
  2. genitive of ownership: article – genitive – noun
  3. prepositional phrase: article – prepositional phrase – noun
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17
Q

irregular future indicative active

A
  1. καλ_ε_ω -> καλεσω
  2. ἐχω -> ἑξω
  3. κραζω -> κραξω
  4. _ἀπο_καλυπτω -> _ἀπο_καλυψω
  5. διδασκω -> διδαξω
18
Q

irregular 1st aorist indicative active

A
  1. καλ_ε_ω -> ἐκαλεσα
  2. _ἐπι_καλ_ε_ω -> _ἐπ_εκαλεσα
  3. _παρα_καλ_ε_ω -> _παρ_εκαλεσα
  4. εὐχαριστ_ε_ω -> εὐ​χαριστησα
  5. κραζω -> ἐκραξα
  6. _ἀπο_καλυπτω -> _ἀπ_εκαλυψα
  7. διδασκω -> ἐδιδαξα
19
Q

irregular imperfect indicative active

A
  1. ἐχω -> εἰχον
  2. εὐχαριστ_ε_ω -> εὐχαριστουν
20
Q

irregular deponent future indicative

A

_προσ_καλ_ε_ομαι -> _προσ_καλεσομαι

21
Q

irregular deponent 1st aorist indicative

A

_προσ_καλ_ε_ομαι -> _προσ_εκαλεσαμην

22
Q

aspect in indicative mood

A
  • present tense:
    • either PROCESS (continuous/repeated)
    • or UNDEFINED (default/punctiliar)
  • future tense: UNDEFINED (default/punctiliar)
  • aorist tense: UNDEFINED (default/punctiliar)
  • imperfect tense: PROCESS (continuous/repeated)
23
Q

aspect in imperative and infinitive moods

A
  • present tense: PROCESS (continuous/repeated)
  • aorist tense: UNDEFINED (default/punctiliar)
24
Q

meaning and translation of participles

A
  • present tense:
    • SIMULTANEOUS PROCESS
    • can often be translated using “as” / “while”
  • aorist tense:
    • SEQUENCE
    • can often be translated using “after” / “when”
25
Q

rules for ε + vowel

A
  1. ἐ + ἀ -> ἠ
  2. ἐ + ἐ -> ἠ
  3. ἐ + ὀ -> ὠ
  4. ἐ + another vowel -> ε disappears
26
Q

rules for ε + diphthong

A
  1. ἐ + αἰ -> ᾐ
  2. ἐ + εἰ -> ᾐ
  3. ἐ + oἰ -> ᾠ
  4. ἐ + αὐ -> ηὐ
  5. ἐ + εὐ -> ηὐ (sometimes εὐ)
27
Q

rules for consonant groups + σ

A
  1. dentals: τ δ θ ζ + σ -> σ
  2. labials: π β φ + σ -> ψ
  3. gutturals: κ γ χ σσ + σ -> ξ

(liquids: μ ν ρ λ)

28
Q

neuter-o adjectives

A
  1. αὐτος
  2. ἀλλος
  3. ἀλληλος
  4. ἐκενιος
  5. οὑτος
29
Q

adjectives with special predicative use

A
  1. ἐκεινος
  2. οὑτος
  3. ὁλος
30
Q

αὐτος as adjective

A
  1. identical adjective (“same”) – attributive use
  2. emphatic adjective (“himself”) – predicative use
31
Q

demonstrative pronouns

A
  1. ἐκεινος
  2. οὑτος
  3. τοιουτος
32
Q

using the relative pronoun

A
  • the relative pronoun introduces a relative clause
  • its number and gender agree with its antecedent in the main sentence
  • its case agrees with its function in the relative clause
33
Q

question types

A
  1. οὐ (and variants): expects a positive response
  2. μη (and variants): expects a negative response
34
Q

time expressions

A
  1. accusative: duration
  2. genitive: period
  3. dative: point in time
35
Q

ways of expressing direct speech

A
  1. using · + capital letter
  2. using ὁτι + capital letter
  3. using participle of λεγω + · + capital letter
  4. using participle of λεγω + ὁτι + capital letter
36
Q

ways of expressing indirect speech

A

using ὁτι + small letter

37
Q

rules for indirect speech and tenses

A
  1. main sentence in present/future tense -> reported speech tense in English matches Greek
  2. main sentence in past tense -> reported speech tense in English puts Greek tense one step into the past
38
Q

2nd aorist construction rules

(indicative)

A
  1. Standard verbs:
    [preposition +] ἐ + aorist stem + imperfect ending
  2. Deponent verbs with deponent 2nd aorist:
    [preposition +] ἐ + aorist stem + deponent imperfect ending
  3. Deponent verbs with standard 2nd aorist:
    [preposition +] ἐ + aorist stem + imperfect ending
  4. Occasionally, second aorist verbs use aorist endings instead of imperfect endings
39
Q

2nd aorist construction rules

(moods other than indicative)

A
  1. Standard case:
    [preposition +] aorist stem + present ending
  2. Exception:
    2nd aorist of λεγω (εἰπον) keeps its ἐ-augment in moods other than indicative
40
Q

verbs with alternative 2nd aorist endings

A
  1. γινωσκω -> ἐγνων
    ἀναγινωσκω -> ἀνεγνων
    ἐπιγινωσκω -> ἐπεγνων
  2. ἀναβαινω -> ἀνεβην
    καταβαινω -> κατεβην
41
Q

1st aorist indicative active construction rules for liquid verbs

A

[preposition +] ἐ + aorist stem + aorist ending

42
Q

future indicative active construction rules for liquid verbs

A

[preposition +] future stem + εω-ending

Biblical Greek Basics I - Grammar (39 decks)

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