Grammar 39 | Special Grammar Review

Question 1

English/Greek article differences

Answer 1

Greek uses the (definite) article for:

1. abstract nouns
2. names of persons
3. ὁ θεος - God

Question 2

vocative rules

Answer 2

1. usually vocative = nominative
2. 2nd declension masculine nouns singular -> -ε
3. 1st declension masculine nouns singular -> -α
4. Ἰησους -> Ἰησου

Question 3

neuter exception

Answer 3

if the subject of the sentence is neuter plural, the verb will be singular

Question 4

feminine noun types

Answer 4

1. Consonant: word stem ending in a consonant
2. Sibilant: word stem ending in σ / ξ
3. Vowel: word stem ending in ε / ι / ρ

Question 5

elision in prepositions

Answer 5

1. no change for ἐξω / περι / προ
2. δια -> δι’ / παρα -> παρ’ / ἐκ -> ἐξ
3. ἀπο -> ἀπ’, ἀφ’ / ἐπι -> ἐπ’, ἐφ’ / ὑπο -> ὑπ’, ὑφ’
4. κατα -> κατ’, καθ’ / μετα -> μετ’, μεθ’

Question 6

with

(in the sense of “along with”)

Answer 6

1. μετα + genitive
2. συν + dative

Question 7

with

(in the sense of “by means of”)

Answer 7

1. personal: ὑπο + genitive
2. impersonal: [ἐν] + instrumental dative

Question 8

adjective types and declension rules

Answer 8

1. stem ends with consonant -> like λογος / ἀρχη / ἐργον
2. stem ends with vowel (ε / ι / ρ) -> like λογος / ἡμερα / ἐργον

Question 9

adjective declension exceptions

Answer 9

1. πολυς / πολλη / πολυ
2. μεγας / μεγαλη / μεγα
3. αἰωνιος / αἰωνιος / αἰωνιον

Question 10

adjectives: attributive use with article

Answer 10

1. article – adjective – noun
2. article – noun – article – adjective

Question 11

adjectives: attributive use without article

Answer 11

1. adjective – noun
2. noun – adjective

Question 12

adjective: predicative use with article

Answer 12

1. [article – noun] – verb “to be” – adjective
2. adjective – verb “to be” – [article – noun]
3. article – noun – adjective
4. adjective – article – noun

Question 13

adjective: predicative use without article

Answer 13

1. noun – verb “to be” – adjective
2. adjective – verb “to be” – noun
3. noun – adjective
4. adjective – noun

Question 14

adjective: use as noun

Answer 14

article – adjective used as noun

Question 15

2 uses of “to be”

Answer 15

1. standard use
2. preparatory use: ἐστιν / εἰσιν at start of sentence

Question 16

sandwich constructions

Answer 16

1. adjective: article – adjective – noun
2. genitive of ownership: article – genitive – noun
3. prepositional phrase: article – prepositional phrase – noun

Question 17

irregular future indicative active

Answer 17

1. καλ_ε_ω -> καλεσω
2. ἐχω -> ἑξω
3. κραζω -> κραξω
4. _ἀπο_καλυπτω -> _ἀπο_καλυψω
5. διδασκω -> διδαξω

Question 18

irregular 1st aorist indicative active

Answer 18

1. καλ_ε_ω -> ἐκαλεσα
2. _ἐπι_καλ_ε_ω -> _ἐπ_εκαλεσα
3. _παρα_καλ_ε_ω -> _παρ_εκαλεσα
4. εὐχαριστ_ε_ω -> εὐ​χαριστησα
5. κραζω -> ἐκραξα
6. _ἀπο_καλυπτω -> _ἀπ_εκαλυψα
7. διδασκω -> ἐδιδαξα

Question 19

irregular imperfect indicative active

Answer 19

1. ἐχω -> εἰχον
2. εὐχαριστ_ε_ω -> εὐχαριστουν

Question 20

irregular deponent future indicative

Answer 20

_προσ_καλ_ε_ομαι -> _προσ_καλεσομαι

Question 21

irregular deponent 1st aorist indicative

Answer 21

_προσ_καλ_ε_ομαι -> _προσ_εκαλεσαμην

Question 22

aspect in indicative mood

Answer 22

• present tense:
  
  • either PROCESS (continuous/repeated)
  • or UNDEFINED (default/punctiliar)
• future tense: UNDEFINED (default/punctiliar)
• aorist tense: UNDEFINED (default/punctiliar)
• imperfect tense: PROCESS (continuous/repeated)

Question 23

aspect in imperative and infinitive moods

Answer 23

• present tense: PROCESS (continuous/repeated)
• aorist tense: UNDEFINED (default/punctiliar)

Question 24

meaning and translation of participles

Answer 24

• present tense:
  
  • SIMULTANEOUS PROCESS
  • can often be translated using “as” / “while”
• aorist tense:
  
  • SEQUENCE
  • can often be translated using “after” / “when”

Question 25

rules for ε + vowel

Answer 25

1. ἐ + ἀ -> ἠ
2. ἐ + ἐ -> ἠ
3. ἐ + ὀ -> ὠ
4. ἐ + another vowel -> ε disappears

Question 26

rules for ε + diphthong

Answer 26

1. ἐ + αἰ -> ᾐ
2. ἐ + εἰ -> ᾐ
3. ἐ + oἰ -> ᾠ
4. ἐ + αὐ -> ηὐ
5. ἐ + εὐ -> ηὐ (sometimes εὐ)

Question 27

rules for consonant groups + σ

Answer 27

1. dentals: τ δ θ ζ + σ -> σ
2. labials: π β φ + σ -> ψ
3. gutturals: κ γ χ σσ + σ -> ξ

(liquids: μ ν ρ λ)

Question 28

neuter-o adjectives

Answer 28

1. αὐτος
2. ἀλλος
3. ἀλληλος
4. ἐκενιος
5. οὑτος

Question 29

adjectives with special predicative use

Answer 29

1. ἐκεινος
2. οὑτος
3. ὁλος

Question 30

αὐτος as adjective

Answer 30

1. identical adjective (“same”) – attributive use
2. emphatic adjective (“himself”) – predicative use

Question 31

demonstrative pronouns

Answer 31

1. ἐκεινος
2. οὑτος
3. τοιουτος

Question 32

using the relative pronoun

Answer 32

• the relative pronoun introduces a relative clause
• its number and gender agree with its antecedent in the main sentence
• its case agrees with its function in the relative clause

Question 33

question types

Answer 33

1. οὐ (and variants): expects a positive response
2. μη (and variants): expects a negative response

Question 34

time expressions

Answer 34

1. accusative: duration
2. genitive: period
3. dative: point in time

Question 35

ways of expressing direct speech

Answer 35

1. using · + capital letter
2. using ὁτι + capital letter
3. using participle of λεγω + · + capital letter
4. using participle of λεγω + ὁτι + capital letter

Question 36

ways of expressing indirect speech

Answer 36

using ὁτι + small letter

Question 37

rules for indirect speech and tenses

Answer 37

1. main sentence in present/future tense -> reported speech tense in English matches Greek
2. main sentence in past tense -> reported speech tense in English puts Greek tense one step into the past

Question 38

2nd aorist construction rules

(indicative)

Answer 38

1. Standard verbs:
   [preposition +] ἐ + aorist stem + imperfect ending
2. Deponent verbs with deponent 2nd aorist:
   [preposition +] ἐ + aorist stem + deponent imperfect ending
3. Deponent verbs with standard 2nd aorist:
   [preposition +] ἐ + aorist stem + imperfect ending
4. Occasionally, second aorist verbs use aorist endings instead of imperfect endings

Question 39

2nd aorist construction rules

(moods other than indicative)

Answer 39

1. Standard case:
   [preposition +] aorist stem + present ending
2. Exception:
   2nd aorist of λεγω (εἰπον) keeps its ἐ-augment in moods other than indicative

Question 40

verbs with alternative 2nd aorist endings

Answer 40

1. γινωσκω -> ἐγνων
   ἀναγινωσκω -> ἀνεγνων
   ἐπιγινωσκω -> ἐπεγνων
2. ἀναβαινω -> ἀνεβην
   καταβαινω -> κατεβην

Question 41

1st aorist indicative active construction rules for liquid verbs

Answer 41

[preposition +] ἐ + aorist stem + aorist ending

Question 42

future indicative active construction rules for liquid verbs

Answer 42

[preposition +] future stem + εω-ending