Grammar

Question 1

Word classification

Answer 1

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles

Question 2

Nouns

Answer 2

common
abstract
proper
collective

Question 3

Verbs

Answer 3

transitive
intransitive
active
passive
regular
irregular

Question 4

Adjectives

Answer 4

demonstrative - these books
possessive - My books
proper - John’s books
quantitative - many books
interrogative - whose books
numerical - ten books
qualitative - brilliant books
(can be pre or post modifying)

Question 5

Conjugation

Answer 5

the process of changing verbs’ fork to suit different tenses

Question 6

Adverbs

Answer 6

manner - walk dangerously
place - come here
time - i’ll win soon
degree - i hate you completely
frequency - i often dance

Question 7

Pronouns

Answer 7

personal - he, she, they
pluralised - they, them, those
demonstrative - these, that, those
possessive - mine, yours, theirs
nominative
oblique
interrogative

Question 8

Prepositions

Answer 8

Physical proximity and relationships
in, on, under, near

Question 9

Conjunctions

Answer 9

connective words that coordinate - independent clauses or subordinate

Question 10

Articles

Answer 10

indefinite and definite

Question 11

Minor sentences

Answer 11

sentences that don’t contain all the elements of a clause.

Question 12

Simple sentences

Answer 12

sentences that contain one independent main clause

Question 13

Compound sentences

Answer 13

sentences that contain two main clauses joined by coordinating conjunction or semi-colon.

Question 14

Complex sentences

Answer 14

sentences that contain two or more clauses: a main and a subordinating clause (or two), not necessarily in this order.

Question 15

Morpheme

Answer 15

the smallest grammatical units that have some intrinsic meaning or value. ‘Dog’ is a morpheme. It cannot be broken into smaller units of meaning. ‘S’ can be a morpheme if meaning pluralisation through its morphology with other morphemes. Consequently ‘Dogs’ is a word constructed from two morphemes.

Question 16

Free morpheme

Answer 16

a morpheme that can stand on its own as a word.

Question 17

Bound morpheme

Answer 17

a morpheme that cannot stand on its own as a word, but which must be prefixed or suffixed to a free morpheme: antithesis and smelly respectively.

Question 18

Phrase:

Answer 18

a group of words centred around the role of a word classification, or a ‘head word’, e.g. noun phrase, adjective phrase, prepositional phrase.

Question 19

Clause:

Answer 19

a group of words centred around a verb, containing the elements, subject (a noun or pronoun), a verb, and optionally an object (another noun or pronoun). Can be grammatically complete (main clause) or incomplete (subordinate clause).

Question 20

Coordination

Answer 20

joining two or more independent clauses via co-ordinating conjunctions to make compound sentences.

Question 21

Subordination

Answer 21

the joining of two or more clauses where only one is independent (the main clause) and the others are dependent (subordinating clause/clauses) - sometimes with a subordinating conjunction.

Question 22

Active voice

Answer 22

a clause where the subject of a sentence carries out the verb - Mike hit Jonny.

Question 23

Passive voice

Answer 23

a clause where the subject of a sentence has a verb done to it - Jonny was hit by Mike.

Question 24

Tense

Answer 24

how the time of an event is marked (usually by verb inflection): past, present (and arguably) future.

Question 25

Aspect

Answer 25

another element of marking the time of an event, by specifying whether they are progressive (ongoing) or perfective (completed). E.g the past progressive tense: I was going; the past perfect tense: I had been.

Question 26

Sentence function

Answer 26

the overarching purpose of a sentence, which can be declarative (a statement), imperative (a command), interrogative (a question), exclamative (emotional) or subjunctive (conditional or expressing hypotheticals).

Question 27

Syntactic dislocation

Answer 27

using a noun and pronoun as one subject in a sentence or clause, e.g. ‘I’m brilliant at football, me.’; ‘Jenny… she’s not feeling too well.’

Question 28

Clitic morphemes

Answer 28

: morphemes that have a part of them elided, in writing expressed with an apostrophe, e.g. proclitic morphemes like t’was, and enclitic morphemes like didn’t, shouldn’t

Question 29

Periphrastic grammar

Answer 29

grammatically unnecessary wording in structures, e.g. he did go to the hospital, as opposed to he went to the hospital. Note, in this example, there may be prosodic stress on ‘did’ in the first example to indicate perlocutionary emphasis and the grammar would not be periphrastic.

Question 30

Superlatives

Answer 30

adjectives, normally with -est suffixes, that mark the most extreme semantic value.

Question 31

Comparatives

Answer 31

adjectives, normally with -er suffixes, that mark a relative value.

Question 32

Parenthesis

Answer 32

segregating extra information between a pair of commas, brackets or dashes, each of which adds extra information in subtly different ways.

Question 33

Grammatical apposition

Answer 33

layering of extra information through the doubling up of nouns, quite typically found in newspapers: Donna Bridgemoor, the accused, a barmaid at the Royal Oak, last night…

Question 34

Syndetic listing

Answer 34

Lists of items that somewhere include a coordinating conjunction

Question 35

Asyndetic listing

Answer 35

Lists of items that have no coordinating conjunction at all.