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english language paper 1 > grammar > Flashcards

grammar Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a noun?

A

Name, a thing, person, idea (WHO? WHAT?)

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2
Q

What are the 3 main noun types?

A
  • concrete
  • Abstract
  • proper
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3
Q

What is a concrete noun?

A

Things and people that exist

Eg. Students, cup, cat

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4
Q

What is an abstract noun?

A

Ideas, thoughts, concepts, activities, processes, time

Eg. Accident, love, week

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5
Q

What is a proper noun?

A

Have a capital letter (SPECIFIC people, places, occasion, time)

Eg. Paris, Christmas

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6
Q

What is a collective noun?

A

Refers to groups of people, animals or objects
(NOT PLURAL)
the noun is the NAME OF THE GROUP

eg. POD of dolphins, LITTER of puppies.

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7
Q

What is a number noun?

A

Plural nouns

regular= ending in -s (e.g. books, bottles)
Irregular= follow alternative patterns (e.g. sheep, teeth, men, women)

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8
Q

What are possessive nouns?

A

Noun that has a possessive ending (an apostrophe followed by an ‘s’) to show something ‘belongs to’ the noun.

Eg. Sally’s bag, men’s magazines

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9
Q

What are vocatives?

A

Words or phrases used to ADDRESS people but not describe them.

Eg. Doctor, darling, ladies & gentleman

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10
Q

What are some grammatical clues in a sentence that can tell us if a word is a noun?

A
  • it comes with a word like ‘a’ ‘the’
  • it acts like the most important word in the (noun) phrase (eg. The really big HOUSE on the hill)
  • it acts as a suffix to express plural as In ‘dog’ - ‘dogs’
  • it can add a suffix to express possession as In ‘the CHILDREN’S toys
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11
Q

What is an adjective?

A

Describes nouns (what is something/somebody like)

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of adjectives?

A
  • Qualitative
  • evaluative
  • superlative
  • Comparative
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13
Q

What are pre modifiers?

A

Words that are used before a noun to add detail or clarify some aspect of it (eg. SHOPPING centre)

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14
Q

What is an intensifier?

A

A word that makes the adjective more intense. Eg. The REALLY nice car, the VERY cute baby.

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15
Q

What is an evaluative adjective?

A

Describing a noun through judgment (e.g. INTERESTING book, NICE weather)

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16
Q

What is a comparative adjective?

A

Compare nouns (-er OR more)
E.g. smallEST , MOST dedicated.

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17
Q

how is an adjective phrase made?

A

It is made up of two or more words that modify a noun or pronoun, but it does not contain a subject and verb

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18
Q

what is an qualitative adjective?

A

describing a noun in terms of a fact, physical qualities like colour or shape (e.g. GREEN carpet, PREGNANT woman)

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19
Q

what is an evaluative adjective?

A

EVALUATIVE. describing a noun through judgement (e.g. INTERESTING book, NICE weather)

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20
Q

what is a comparative adjective?

A

compare nouns (-er OR more; e.g. smallER, MORE dedicated)

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21
Q

what is a superlative adjective?

A

indicates the most or least of something (e.g. -est or most; smallEST, MOST dedicated)

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22
Q

what are the 3 labels you give to each personal pronoun?

A
  • 1st person (refers to the speaker – I, me, we)
  • 2nd person (refers to the other person in the conversation – you)
  • 3rd person (those being talked about who are NOT part of the conversation – he, she they, them, it)
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23
Q

what is the difference between singular and plural pronouns?

A

Singular pronouns replace singular nouns, which are those that name one person, place, thing, or idea. Plural pronouns replace plural nouns — those that name more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

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24
Q

whats a noun phrase?

A

a group of words built around a noun

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25
Q

whats a head word?

A

the main noun in the phrase

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26
Q

what is a qualifier?

A

an additional word or phrase that adds some further detail to the noun

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27
Q

what is a post modifier?

A

a word that comes after the head noun to add detail or clarify some apect of it.

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28
Q

where would you find a subject pronoun and an object pronoun in a sentence?

A
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29
Q

what is a pronoun?

A

substitutes for a noun

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30
Q

what is a determiner?

A

adds detail or clarity to a noun (e.g. in, on, my, some)

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31
Q

what is a preposition?

A

provides connections between words often showing a sense of place or time

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32
Q

what are the 3 types of determiners

A
  • articles; show that something is definite (the) or indefinite (a/an)
  • possessives; show ownership (my, your, her)
  • quantifiers; show either specific (one, two) or non-specific (some, any, a few) quantities of a noun.
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33
Q

what is a subject pronoun?

A

can be used at the beginning of a sentence in the SUBJECT POSITION e.g. I, you, he, they

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34
Q

what is an object pronoun?

A

can be used after the verb in the OBJECT POSITION e.g. me, us, them

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35
Q

what is a reflexive pronoun?

A

ends in -SELF -SELVES e.g. myself, himself, ourself

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36
Q

what is a demonstrative pronoun?

A

points to specific things e.g. this/that, those/these..

e.g. THIS is an apple - demonstrative pronoun
“THIS apple is nice” noun phrase + determiner

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37
Q

what effect does the 2nd person personal pronoun ‘you’ create?

A

used to create SYNTHETIC PERSONALISATION; making the audience feel like the text is addressed directly towards them.

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38
Q

what effect does the 1st person plural pronouns ‘we/us’ create?

A

express INCLUSIVITY and can create an interactive tone

39
Q

what are examples of relative pronouns?

A

who, whose, whom, which, that

40
Q

what is an interrogative pronoun?

A

QUESTION WORDS (usually at starts of sentences) who? whose? whom? which? what?

41
Q

What is an infinitive verb?

A

They have the word ‘to’ preceding the verb.

42
Q

Give an Example of the infinitive verb for the verb ‘eat’

A

To eat

43
Q

What are main verbs and what tense can they be?

A

Express an action/feeling/state of being. Can be present or past tense.

44
Q

Why might a present tense main verb add the suffix ‘s’?

A

Depending on the subject of the sentence (“I walk” “he/she/it)

45
Q

Name 3 infinitive verb forms of the primary auxiliary verbs

A

To be/ to have/ to do

46
Q

What are the present and past tenses of the auxiliary verbs?

A
  • To be (auxiliary), is/ am/ are (present), was/ were (past tense)
  • To have (auxiliary), has/have (present), had (past)
  • To do (auxiliary), do/ does (present), did (past tense)
47
Q

In what two ways do auxiliary verbs grammatically behave in a sentence?

A
  1. Act as the main verb in the sentence- PRESENT PAST TENSE VERBS
  2. helping verbs & help other verbs to become specific tenses
48
Q

What are the 10 modal verbs? (Contracted/negative variant)

A
  1. Can (cannot)
  2. Could
  3. Shall
  4. Should
  5. Will
  6. Would
  7. May
  8. Might
  9. Ought
  10. Must
49
Q

What are some examples of some types of expression that modal verbs help convey?

A
  • help us understand how the main verb is being expressed
  • help express obligation, possibility, advice, disapproval, ability, necessity.
50
Q

What tense can the modal verbs ‘shall’ ‘will’ help make?

A

Future sense

51
Q

When is a verb known as a participle?

A

If it needs to an auxiliary verb to help make a tense.

52
Q

How might you recognise a past participle?

A

ALWAYS end in -ed
(-ing is present tense)

53
Q

How might you recognise a past participle from a regular verb?

A

Past participles for regular verbs end in -Ed

54
Q

What is a verb phrase?

A

Made up of more than one verb

E.g. modal + participle
Auxiliary + participle

55
Q

What is a present tense continuous verb phrase?

A

TO BE.
Express what is happening now.

Is/ am/ are (verb always ends in -ing)

E.g. I AM WRITING a letter.
Am- auxiliary verb (present)
Writing- main verb (present participle)

56
Q

what is a past tense continuous verb phrase?

A

TO BE.
express actions that happened in the past but lasted for a while.

was/were (verb always ending in -ing)

e.g. they WERE WALKING for 3 hours yesterday.
were- auxiliary verb (past)
walking- main verb (present participle)

57
Q

what is a present tense perfect verb phrase?

A

TO HAVE (past participles)

express actions that have just finished (recent past)

have/has

e.g. he HAS just COMPLETED his exams.
has/have- auxiliary verb (present)
completed- main verb (past participle)

58
Q

what is a past tense perfect verb phrase?

A

TO HAVE (past participles)

express actions that happened before another past action (distant past)

Had

e.g. I HAD SEEN her before she saw me.
had- auxiliary verb (past)
seen- main verb (past participle)

59
Q

what is a future tense verb phrase?

A

express actions that will occur in the future.

e.g. I WILL GO to spain for my holidays

will- modal auxiliary verb
go- main verb (base form)

60
Q

What are the 3 types of adverbs

A
  • manner
  • time
  • frequency
61
Q

3 types of adverbs

A

Manner, frequency, time

62
Q

What is a participle

A

Present: ending -ing
Past: ending -ed

63
Q

What makes the perfect tense?

A

Form of auxiliary ‘to have’ (has, have, had) + past participle (usually -Ed but not for irregular verbs)

64
Q

What makes the continuous tense?

A

Form of the auxiliary ‘to be’ (is, am, are, was, were) + past participle (-ing) = continuous tense

65
Q

What makes a prepositional phrase?

A

Noun phrase with a preposition on the front

66
Q

When labelling a sentences verbs, what are some verbs that do NOT count?

A
  • infinitive verb (to see)
  • present participle (-ing) without an aux verb
67
Q

What must a Clause have in it?

A

A VERB

verbs that don’t count= -ing (present participle) WITHOUT an auxiliary in front and infinitive verbs.

68
Q

Main clause

A
  • 1 verb
  • can stand on its own and make sense
  • e.g. the snow was falling
69
Q

Coordinating clause

A
  • 1 verb
  • starts with a coordinating conjunction (and/but/or)
  • e.g. and he ran away
70
Q

Subordinate clause

A
  • 1 verb
  • subordinating conjunction (who, which, that, when, because, although, if, ect…
  • is a subordinate conjunction is any conjunction that doesn’t have and/but/or
  • e.g. because she was on holiday

NOTE: the subordinating conjunction ‘THAT’ can be hidden e.g. ‘I know (that) he lied

71
Q

What are sentences defined by?

A
  • The number of VERBS they have.
  • The types of CONJUNCTIONS they contain.
72
Q

Conjunctions

A

the words (‘glue’) that link clauses together in sentences.

73
Q

Clause

A

are the building blocks of English sentences. A clause is a part of the sentence that contains a verb.

74
Q

A sentence

A

a set of words that is complete in itself and consists. of one or more clauses. It starts with a capital letter and ends with a punctuation mark. A sentence must have at least 1 verb in it.

75
Q

What is a complex compound comparative sentence?

A

The clauses have the order of main clause, subordinating clause then a coordinating clause.

76
Q

What is a compound complex declarative sentence?

A

The clauses have the order of main clause, coordinating, subordinating

77
Q

Simple sentence

A
  • 1 verb & 1 main clause
  • e.g ‘the weather is terrible’
  • simple sentences can be long
78
Q

Complex sentence

A
  • 2 or more verbs (2 or more clauses)
  • has atleast 1 subordinate clause

Main clause + clause that doesn’t make sense in its own (subordinate clause)

79
Q

Subordinate clause

A

A sentence that doesn’t make sense in its own (goes with a main clause)

80
Q

A subordinating conjunction

A

Any conjunction that doesn’t have and/but/or

81
Q

Compound sentence

A
  • 2 or more verbs (2 or more clauses)
  • ONLY coordinating clauses (and/but/or)
82
Q

What subordinating conjunction can be hidden (the only one)

A

THAT

e.g. the travel agent thinks
(THAT) we should go on a safari.

83
Q

Relative subordinate clause

A
  • gives more information about a noun in the sentence (relates back)
  • starts with WHO, WHICH, THAT (‘that’ can be replaced by who/which)
  • older texts can include ‘whom’
  • e.g. “The student (who/that) i talked to was helpful.
84
Q

Adverbial subordinate clause

A
  • answers the question WHEN? WHERE? HOW? WHY?
  • performs the role of adverb (time, place, manner)
  • when, because, although, if, while, where, after, as, so, until. ECT….
  • e.g. “although it was raining”
85
Q

Noun subordinate clause

A
  • used in the object position in a sentence; answers the question WHAT?
  • starts with WHAT, THAT (‘that’ cannot be replaced by ‘who’ or ‘which’
  • e.g. they believe (that) he is right
  • usually used after the the following verbs: knew, say/said, think/thought, believed/believe, feel/felt ect…
86
Q
A
87
Q

what is a past perfect verb + examples

A

made from the verb had and the past participle of a verb- had asked, had called ect…

88
Q

what makes a word a particaple?

A

if it is derived from a verb and functions as an adjective or helps form verb tenses

89
Q

the perfect tense

A

form of aux. verb ‘to have’ + -ed past participle

90
Q

continuous tense

A

form of aux. verb ‘to be’ (is/am/are/was/were) + -ing present participle

91
Q

passive verb

A

form of aux. verb ‘to be’ (is/am/are/was/were) + -ed past participle

92
Q

minor sentence

A

a sentence with no verb or subject

93
Q

what is an auxillary verb

A
  • a verb that supports the main verb
  • we were running
94
Q

What is the difference between a clause and a phrase

A

A phrase doesn’t have a verb in it

english language paper 1 (3 decks)

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