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english language paper 1 > CDS extended info > Flashcards

CDS extended info Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of language in child development?

A

The functions include instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, representational, heuristic, and imaginative.

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2
Q

What is the instrumental function of language?

A

Language used to fulfill a need on the part of the speaker.

Example: ‘Want juice’ when a child is thirsty.

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3
Q

What is the regulatory function of language?

A

Language used to influence the behavior of others by persuading, commanding, or requesting.

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4
Q

What is the interactional function of language?

A

Language used to develop social relationships and ease the process of interaction.

Example: ‘Night night daddy, love you’ as the child is being put to bed.

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5
Q

What is the personal function of language?

A

Language used to express a personal preference and identity of the speaker.

Example: ‘Me like that’ as the child looks at a toy in a shop.

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6
Q

What is the representational function of language?

A

Language used to exchange information.

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7
Q

What is the heuristic function of language?

A

Language used to learn and explore about the environment.

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8
Q

What is the imaginative function of language?

A

Language used to explore the imagination and may accompany play.

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9
Q

What characterizes stage one of language development?

A

Basic biological noises reflecting hunger, pain, and discomfort.

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10
Q

What occurs in stage two of language development?

A

Cooing sounds emerge, often triggered by social interaction with caregivers.

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11
Q

What happens in stage three of language development?

A

Vocal play and verbal scribbling occur, with experimentation in pitch and sounds.

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12
Q

What is canonical babbling in stage four?

A

Less varied than vocal play, with more control and stability in producing sounds.

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13
Q

What is significant about stage five of language development?

A

Children begin to produce two-word utterances and proto-words.

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14
Q

What characterizes stage six of language development?

A

Vocabulary expands to over 200 words, with erratic pronunciation.

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15
Q

What is telegraphic speech in stage seven?

A

Children use important lexical words but often omit grammatical functions.

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16
Q

What is phonological development?

A

The ability to understand the sounds of language.

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17
Q

What are common ways children simplify pronunciation?

A

Deletion, substitution, addition, de-voicing, voicing, assimilation, and reduplication.

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18
Q

What does Berko’s WUG experiment demonstrate?

A

Children may understand language faster than they can pronounce it.

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19
Q

How many phonemes are there in English?

A

There are 44 phonemes in total: 20 vowel sounds and 24 consonants.

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20
Q

What are phonemes?

A

Individual speech sounds that vary by language, dialect, and accent.

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21
Q

What are homophones?

A

Words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings and spellings.

Examples include ‘too’, ‘two’, and ‘to’.

22
Q

What is the significance of consonant clusters?

A

They are combinations of consonants that occur together in a word.

23
Q

How are sounds produced?

A

Air passes through the vocal cords.

24
Q

What affects the production of consonants?

A

The sound being voiced or unvoiced, the place of articulation, and the manner of articulation.

25
Q

What are the places of articulation?

A

Labial, labio-dental, dental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal.

26
Q

What are plosives?

A

Sounds produced by complete obstruction of airflow.

Examples include /b/, /d/, /g/, /p/, /t/, /k/.

27
Q

What are fricatives?

A

Sounds produced with close obstruction involving friction.

Examples include /θ/ (thin), /ð/ (then), /s/, /f/.

28
Q

What are diphthongs?

A

Sounds that begin as one vowel and glide to another.

Examples include ‘eye’ and ‘hay’.

29
Q

What are the stages of grammatical growth according to David Crystal?

A

Holophrastic stage (12-18 months), two-word stage (18 months-2 years), and telegraphic stage (2-3 years).

30
Q

What characterizes the holophrastic stage?

A

Utterances consist of single words that convey whole sentences.

31
Q

What is the two-word stage?

A

Children combine two words to form simple sentences, like ‘cat jump’ or ‘shut door’.

32
Q

What happens in the telegraphic stage?

A

Children add extra elements to sentences, often omitting less critical words.

33
Q

What are auxiliary verbs?

A

Verbs that provide additional information about the main verb’s action.

34
Q

What is Bellugi’s theory on negatives?

A

She identified three stages of negative formation in children’s language development.

35
Q

What are the three stages of Bellugi’s pronoun use?

A

1) Use of their own name, 2) Recognition of I/me pronouns, 3) Correct use of subject and object pronouns.

36
Q

What is Child Directed Speech (CDS)?

A

Adapted language used by caregivers to communicate with children.

37
Q

What are the functions of Child Directed Speech?

A

To attract attention, break down language, and make conversation predictable.

38
Q

How does CDS influence language development?

A

It makes language more accessible and helps children understand words better.

39
Q

What are overextensions in language acquisition?

A

When a word is used to refer to things in a similar category or with a semantically linked relation.

40
Q

What is underextension?

A

When a child applies a word too narrowly, such as calling only their dog ‘dog’.

41
Q

What are expansions and/or recasts in child language development?

A

Rephrasing a child’s utterance to provide clearer language.

This technique helps children learn correct forms of speech.

42
Q

What is the effect of Child Directed Speech (CDS) on language comprehension?

A

CDS makes language more accessible for a child, facilitating comprehension and use of language.

Speaking slowly and using simplified vocabulary aids in understanding.

43
Q

How does focusing on an object help in language learning?

A

It helps a child understand a word’s meaning when an adult focuses their attention and slowly repeats the name.

This method enhances word recognition.

44
Q

What role does intonation play in Child Directed Speech?

A

Higher pitch and exaggerated intonation help retain a child’s attention and encourage listening.

Facial expressions and gestures also support this process.

45
Q

How do questions and pauses contribute to conversation skills?

A

Asking questions and pausing for replies introduce children to the rules of conversation.

46
Q

What is a criticism of baby talk in language development?

A

Some argue that baby talk interferes with language development by providing inaccurate and distorted speech.

47
Q

What are the phonological features of Child Directed Speech?

A

Slower, clearer pronunciation; more pauses; higher pitch; exaggerated intonation and stress.

48
Q

What are the lexical features of Child Directed Speech?

A

Simpler vocabulary; diminutive forms (e.g., ‘doggie’); concrete language referring to immediate objects.

49
Q

What grammatical features characterize Child Directed Speech?

A

Simpler constructions; frequent imperatives; high repetition; frequent questions; use of personal names instead of pronouns.

Example: ‘Mummy’ instead of ‘I’.

50
Q

What pragmatic features are present in Child Directed Speech?

A

A lot of gestures and body language; fewer utterances per turn; supporting language through echoing.

Adults often replace unclear parts with questions to encourage repetition.

english language paper 1 (4 decks)

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