CDS extended info Flashcards
What are the functions of language in child development?
The functions include instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, representational, heuristic, and imaginative.
What is the instrumental function of language?
Language used to fulfill a need on the part of the speaker.
Example: ‘Want juice’ when a child is thirsty.
What is the regulatory function of language?
Language used to influence the behavior of others by persuading, commanding, or requesting.
What is the interactional function of language?
Language used to develop social relationships and ease the process of interaction.
Example: ‘Night night daddy, love you’ as the child is being put to bed.
What is the personal function of language?
Language used to express a personal preference and identity of the speaker.
Example: ‘Me like that’ as the child looks at a toy in a shop.
What is the representational function of language?
Language used to exchange information.
What is the heuristic function of language?
Language used to learn and explore about the environment.
What is the imaginative function of language?
Language used to explore the imagination and may accompany play.
What characterizes stage one of language development?
Basic biological noises reflecting hunger, pain, and discomfort.
What occurs in stage two of language development?
Cooing sounds emerge, often triggered by social interaction with caregivers.
What happens in stage three of language development?
Vocal play and verbal scribbling occur, with experimentation in pitch and sounds.
What is canonical babbling in stage four?
Less varied than vocal play, with more control and stability in producing sounds.
What is significant about stage five of language development?
Children begin to produce two-word utterances and proto-words.
What characterizes stage six of language development?
Vocabulary expands to over 200 words, with erratic pronunciation.
What is telegraphic speech in stage seven?
Children use important lexical words but often omit grammatical functions.
What is phonological development?
The ability to understand the sounds of language.
What are common ways children simplify pronunciation?
Deletion, substitution, addition, de-voicing, voicing, assimilation, and reduplication.
What does Berko’s WUG experiment demonstrate?
Children may understand language faster than they can pronounce it.
How many phonemes are there in English?
There are 44 phonemes in total: 20 vowel sounds and 24 consonants.
What are phonemes?
Individual speech sounds that vary by language, dialect, and accent.
What are homophones?
Words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings and spellings.
Examples include ‘too’, ‘two’, and ‘to’.
What is the significance of consonant clusters?
They are combinations of consonants that occur together in a word.
How are sounds produced?
Air passes through the vocal cords.
What affects the production of consonants?
The sound being voiced or unvoiced, the place of articulation, and the manner of articulation.
What are the places of articulation?
Labial, labio-dental, dental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal.
What are plosives?
Sounds produced by complete obstruction of airflow.
Examples include /b/, /d/, /g/, /p/, /t/, /k/.
What are fricatives?
Sounds produced with close obstruction involving friction.
Examples include /θ/ (thin), /ð/ (then), /s/, /f/.
What are diphthongs?
Sounds that begin as one vowel and glide to another.
Examples include ‘eye’ and ‘hay’.
What are the stages of grammatical growth according to David Crystal?
Holophrastic stage (12-18 months), two-word stage (18 months-2 years), and telegraphic stage (2-3 years).
What characterizes the holophrastic stage?
Utterances consist of single words that convey whole sentences.
What is the two-word stage?
Children combine two words to form simple sentences, like ‘cat jump’ or ‘shut door’.
What happens in the telegraphic stage?
Children add extra elements to sentences, often omitting less critical words.
What are auxiliary verbs?
Verbs that provide additional information about the main verb’s action.
What is Bellugi’s theory on negatives?
She identified three stages of negative formation in children’s language development.
What are the three stages of Bellugi’s pronoun use?
1) Use of their own name, 2) Recognition of I/me pronouns, 3) Correct use of subject and object pronouns.
What is Child Directed Speech (CDS)?
Adapted language used by caregivers to communicate with children.
What are the functions of Child Directed Speech?
To attract attention, break down language, and make conversation predictable.
How does CDS influence language development?
It makes language more accessible and helps children understand words better.
What are overextensions in language acquisition?
When a word is used to refer to things in a similar category or with a semantically linked relation.
What is underextension?
When a child applies a word too narrowly, such as calling only their dog ‘dog’.
What are expansions and/or recasts in child language development?
Rephrasing a child’s utterance to provide clearer language.
This technique helps children learn correct forms of speech.
What is the effect of Child Directed Speech (CDS) on language comprehension?
CDS makes language more accessible for a child, facilitating comprehension and use of language.
Speaking slowly and using simplified vocabulary aids in understanding.
How does focusing on an object help in language learning?
It helps a child understand a word’s meaning when an adult focuses their attention and slowly repeats the name.
This method enhances word recognition.
What role does intonation play in Child Directed Speech?
Higher pitch and exaggerated intonation help retain a child’s attention and encourage listening.
Facial expressions and gestures also support this process.
How do questions and pauses contribute to conversation skills?
Asking questions and pausing for replies introduce children to the rules of conversation.
What is a criticism of baby talk in language development?
Some argue that baby talk interferes with language development by providing inaccurate and distorted speech.
What are the phonological features of Child Directed Speech?
Slower, clearer pronunciation; more pauses; higher pitch; exaggerated intonation and stress.
What are the lexical features of Child Directed Speech?
Simpler vocabulary; diminutive forms (e.g., ‘doggie’); concrete language referring to immediate objects.
What grammatical features characterize Child Directed Speech?
Simpler constructions; frequent imperatives; high repetition; frequent questions; use of personal names instead of pronouns.
Example: ‘Mummy’ instead of ‘I’.
What pragmatic features are present in Child Directed Speech?
A lot of gestures and body language; fewer utterances per turn; supporting language through echoing.
Adults often replace unclear parts with questions to encourage repetition.
