Grammar Flashcards
Infinitive verb
Base form of verb
To run, to stay
Main verb
Main action/ meaning
Running
Auxiliary verb
Past, present, future
Past Present. Future
To be = i Was. Am. Will be
He/she Was. Is. Will be
They Were. Are. Will be
To do= i Did Do. Will do
He/she. Did. Does. Will do
They Did. Do. Will do
To have= i Had. Have. Will have
He/she. Had. Has. Will have
They. Had. Have. Will have
Primary auxillary verb
Be, have or do
modal verb
Changes the tone
Can, will, shall, may, must, could, would, should, might
Epistemic modality
Expresses possibility
Raising ideas - giving image that you could
Deontic modality
Expresses necessity
Takes away the choice
-ing
-ed
Present participle
Past participle
Proper noun
A specific name, place or thing
Always start with a capital letter
Common noun
Noun that is a name, place or thing
City, day
Concrete nouns
A physical object that exists physically
Dog, table, tree
Abstract noun
Intangible things
Idea, quality, state, feelings
Love/hate
Collective nouns
A group, one word that relates to lots
People/ walkers
Comparative adjective
Used to compare two people or things
Bigger/ stronger - usually end in -er
Superlative adjective
Used in comparisons to describe something and being the highest degree or extreme
Flakiest, tallest, poorest (end in -est)
Disjunct adverb
Start of a sentence to provide additional information to drama and entire clause
Used to give somebody’s opinion (frankly, briefly, personally)
Determiners
What are they
What are the 2 types
Precede nouns - refer directly to them
Most common are THE (definitive article) and A/AN (indefinite article
Possessive determiners (my, our, your, his, hers, it’s, their)
Demonstrative determiners (this, that, these, those)
Asyndetic and syndetic listing
Asyndetic - uses commas (pencils, pens, papers)
Syndetic - uses conjunctions - and, but, so
Stentence functions
Declarative
Imperative
Interrogative
Exclamatory
Makes a statement
Direct command
Asks a question (?)
Expresses feelings (!)
Pre-modification
post-modification
Use fewer words to convey same info (adjectives)
Adding phrase/clause after the noun
Tricolons
3 independent Clauses
Pronouns
- demonstrative
- relative
- personal
- possessive
- Demonstrate any object (this, that, these)
- Introduces a clause whoi which that
- short word in place of proper name he/she
- Expresses ownership/possesion mine/yours
Adverbs:
- frequency
- manner
- time
- place
- degree
- evaluation
- conjunctive adverb
Frequency - how OFTEN an action happens (always, usually, often, sometimes)
Manner - tells us HOW something happens (slowly, quickly, accidentally, silently)
Time - WHEN an action happens (now, soon, always, regularly, yesterday)
Place - LOCATION where the verb is being carried out (anywhere, in, on abroad, downstairs)
Degree - DEGREE to which it applies (almost, barely, highly, quite, totally)
Evaluation - ATTITUDE of the writer (apparently, clearly, honestly, fairly)
Conjunctive adverb - TWO COMPLETE THOUGHTS (equally, accordingly, next, now, additionally)
Synthetic personalisation
Addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals
Usage like direct address, e.g. second personal pronouns
‘Have a nice day’
‘See you barter the break’
Sentence types
- simple
- compound
- conditional
- complex
Simple - one completely thought (“I can run faster than him”)
Compound - joins two thoughts into one (“I like the colour purple but red is my favourite”)
Conditional - ‘if’ used to show a consequence (“if you freeze water it turns into ice”)
Complex - multiple clauses (“although my friends begged me I chose not to go to the re-union”)
