Grammar Flashcards
how is ‘I wish’ or ‘if only’ used when referred to the past?
which form is never used?
I wish / if only + PAST PERFECT tense
(i wish i had relaxed more last year)
‘would’ is never used
what does the ‘wish to’ form imply?
that one wants to DO something in the future.
what do modal verbs express?
the speaker’s attitude towards a certain action (suggest the perception and understanding)
give a few examples of modal verbs in the present
must, have to, can, should, need to
how do we refer to the past with modal verbs? give 3 examples.
modal + have + -ed
should have done
must have done
couldn’t have done
what does the modal verb ‘needn’t have done’ mean?
that we did it, but it was not necessary
what does the modal verb ‘didn’t need to do’ mean?
that we didn’t do it because it was not necessary
what does the modal verb ‘should have happened’ or ‘ought to have happened’ mean?
that someone didn’t do something and we are critising the lack of action
what does the modal verb ‘could/might/may have happened’ mean? (3 possibilities)
- speculation about the past
- missed opportunities
- irritation
what do the modal verbs ‘must have happened’ and ‘can’t/couldn’t have happened’ mean?
certainity of the speaker that something had or had not happened
what is the optimal length of a summary?
25% of the original. it can also be just one sentence
in which tense is a summary written?
present
state 4 characteristics of a summary
- condesed
- concise
- objective
- if critical, can also be an assesment of the text
what needs to be in the first sentence of a summary? (5)
- author’s name
- title
- source
- time of publishing
- key idea
def metaphor
understanding and experiencing one thing in terms of another
the economy is a —- (metaphor)
stormy sea, companies are ships and CEOs are captains
time is ___ (metaphor)
money, we need to buy some time
def inversion. what does it provide?
changed word order in sentences
adds style and emphasis into texts
when is inversion used?
in formal style or for emphasis
which words are inverted?
words with a negative or restrictive force
hardly, scarcely, seldom (redko), little, only, never, not until, no sooner, rarely, under no circumstances
how is inversion made? (EXAM)
form a question and put the negative/restrictive force at the start of the sentence
how is inversion done if there is no auxiliary verb?
you provide one (like when you would form a question)
invert ‘not …. ever again’
never again ….
invert ‘under any circumstances’
under no circumstances …
does the tense remain the same when inversion is done?
yes, it has to
i never imagined, on joining the firm, that i would one day become its president. INVERT
never did i imagine that i would one day …
def+tr relative clauses
oziralni stavki
= give additional information (in the same sentence)
state the 5 relative pronouns
which, who, whom, whose, that
which relative pronouns are used for things and animals?
which, whose
when is whose used?
for expressing possession
when is whom used?
object pronoun (use as ‘him, her’)
are there commas in defining relative clauses?
no
def defining relative clauses
gives additional information and with that it defines the subject in the main clause
def non-defining relative clauses
gives additional information, but does not define the object
are there commas for non-defining relative clauses?
yes
