Grammar

Question 1

how is ‘I wish’ or ‘if only’ used when referred to the past?

which form is never used?

Answer 1

I wish / if only + PAST PERFECT tense
(i wish i had relaxed more last year)
‘would’ is never used

Question 2

what does the ‘wish to’ form imply?

Answer 2

that one wants to DO something in the future.

Question 3

what do modal verbs express?

Answer 3

the speaker’s attitude towards a certain action (suggest the perception and understanding)

Question 4

give a few examples of modal verbs in the present

Answer 4

must, have to, can, should, need to

Question 5

how do we refer to the past with modal verbs? give 3 examples.

Answer 5

modal + have + -ed

should have done
must have done
couldn’t have done

Question 6

what does the modal verb ‘needn’t have done’ mean?

Answer 6

that we did it, but it was not necessary

Question 7

what does the modal verb ‘didn’t need to do’ mean?

Answer 7

that we didn’t do it because it was not necessary

Question 8

what does the modal verb ‘should have happened’ or ‘ought to have happened’ mean?

Answer 8

that someone didn’t do something and we are critising the lack of action

Question 9

what does the modal verb ‘could/might/may have happened’ mean? (3 possibilities)

Answer 9

1. speculation about the past
2. missed opportunities
3. irritation

Question 10

what do the modal verbs ‘must have happened’ and ‘can’t/couldn’t have happened’ mean?

Answer 10

certainity of the speaker that something had or had not happened

Question 11

what is the optimal length of a summary?

Answer 11

25% of the original. it can also be just one sentence

Question 12

in which tense is a summary written?

Answer 12

present

Question 13

state 4 characteristics of a summary

Answer 13

1. condesed
2. concise
3. objective
4. if critical, can also be an assesment of the text

Question 14

what needs to be in the first sentence of a summary? (5)

Answer 14

1. author’s name
2. title
3. source
4. time of publishing
5. key idea

Question 15

def metaphor

Answer 15

understanding and experiencing one thing in terms of another

Question 16

the economy is a —- (metaphor)

Answer 16

stormy sea, companies are ships and CEOs are captains

Question 17

time is ___ (metaphor)

Answer 17

money, we need to buy some time

Question 18

def inversion. what does it provide?

Answer 18

changed word order in sentences

adds style and emphasis into texts

Question 19

when is inversion used?

Answer 19

in formal style or for emphasis

Question 20

which words are inverted?

Answer 20

words with a negative or restrictive force

hardly, scarcely, seldom (redko), little, only, never, not until, no sooner, rarely, under no circumstances

Question 21

how is inversion made? (EXAM)

Answer 21

form a question and put the negative/restrictive force at the start of the sentence

Question 22

how is inversion done if there is no auxiliary verb?

Answer 22

you provide one (like when you would form a question)

Question 23

invert ‘not …. ever again’

Answer 23

never again ….

Question 24

invert ‘under any circumstances’

Answer 24

under no circumstances …

Question 25

does the tense remain the same when inversion is done?

Answer 25

yes, it has to

Question 26

i never imagined, on joining the firm, that i would one day become its president. INVERT

Answer 26

never did i imagine that i would one day ...

Question 27

def+tr relative clauses

Answer 27

oziralni stavki | = give additional information (in the same sentence)

Question 28

state the 5 relative pronouns

Answer 28

which, who, whom, whose, that

Question 29

which relative pronouns are used for things and animals?

Answer 29

which, whose

Question 30

when is whose used?

Answer 30

for expressing possession

Question 31

when is whom used?

Answer 31

object pronoun (use as 'him, her')

Question 32

are there commas in *defining* relative clauses?

Answer 32

no

Question 33

def defining relative clauses

Answer 33

gives additional information and with that it defines the subject in the main clause

Question 34

def non-defining relative clauses

Answer 34

gives additional information, but does not define the object

Question 35

are there commas for *non-defining* relative clauses?

Answer 35

yes